1. MODERNISM - Its initial movements

2. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
the buildings and building practices of the late 19th and the 20th centuries
New architecture rejected
stylistic movements, and the technology and materials
originated in the United States and Europe and spread from there to the rest of the world

3. MODERNISM – architectural characteristics
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
MODERNISM – architectural characteristics
asymmetrical design compositions
Open plan
use of cubic or rectangular or cylindrical shapes
flat roofs
use of reinforced concrete or steel
metal and glass frameworks often resulting in large windows in horizontal bands
Minimal or no ornamentation
tendency for white or cream render

4. early modern architectural projects
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
houses with flowing interior spaces and projecting roofs by the American pioneer of modernism, Frank Lloyd Wright.
early modern architectural projects
the sleek villas of Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier;
Modernism includes Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl and Bauhaus.
bold new factories in Germany by Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius; and
imaginative designs for a city of the future by Italian visionary Antonio Sant’Elia;
steel and glass skyscrapers designed by German-born architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

5. Chicago School – Invention of skyscrapers
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Chicago School – Invention of skyscrapers
Following a disastrous fire in 1871, Chicago experienced a massive boom in new housing, warehouses, and commercial buildings.
The collective response of a diverse group of architects to the reconstruction of the city led to the development of the skyscraper. .
offered by the elevator
the new steel and concrete technologies. .
From October 8 to 10, 1871, a great fire killed at least 250 people, left 90,000 sq km (about 4 sq mi) of central Chicago (nearly one-third of the total area).

6. Second Leiter Building, Chicago – 1891
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Chicago School – Invention of skyscrapers
by substituting steel in the structural system for cast iron,
clad the building’s exterior with traditional masonry .
Second Leiter Building, Chicago – 1891
First Leiter Building, Chicago – 1879 William Le Baron Jenney

7. Chicago School – Invention of skyscrapers
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Chicago School – Invention of skyscrapers
with the Reliance Building ( ), which stood 16 stories high .
stripped away the ornamentation characteristic of most buildings at that time and
instead used tall windows to emphasize the beauty of the building’s skyward thrust.
eliminated Jenney’s heavy masonry exterior, creating a system known as curtain-wall construction.

8. German architects Walter Gropius and Adolph Meyer
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
The age of machines
German architects Walter Gropius and Adolph Meyer
Fagus Factory (1911, Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany).
The Fagus Factory had open glass corners and a flat roof that emphasized its simple post-and-beam construction system. .

9. After World War I (1914-1918): expressionism and rationalism.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
After World War I ( ): expressionism and rationalism.
Erich Mendelsohn's
Einstein Tower ( , Potsdam, Germany) a
domed observatory atop the tower .
Expressionism
primarily to shock the public
a radical change for architects
moved toward forms that were visionary, fantastic and unconventional.

10. Einstein Tower (1920-1924, Potsdam, Germany) a domed observatory .
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Expressionism
Erich Mendelsohn's
Einstein Tower ( , Potsdam, Germany) a domed observatory .
explored the sculptural qualities in reinforced concrete
rounded, free-form tower.
sculptural forms and
varied volumes
tower is topped by a dome
windows are set into sculptured recesses

11. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Expressionism .
These give the illusion of a fairy grotto, a mysterious cave like atmosphere which helps prepare the theatergoer for the coming drama on the stage.
Hans Poelzig - Expressionist architect created a most unusual and imaginative design for a theatre in Berlin, the Grosses Schauspielhaus.
The huge dome of the interior is studded with myriads of stalactite pendants tipped with reflectors

12. Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion, Germany, 1914
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Expressionism
Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion, Germany, 1914
His most original work was his Glass Pavilion, completed for an exhibition in Cologne in 1914.
The walls of Taut’s building were of glass block, and even the treads and risers of the circular staircase were of glass.
Inside, under the dome was a waterfall cascading down five levels.
It was built for the German glass manufacturers.
Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion, Germany, 1914

13. Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion, Germany, 1914
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Expressionism
Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion, Germany, 1914
Bruno Taut- Glass Pavilion, Germany, 1914

14. Adolf Loos - Austrian architect
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Rationalism
Adolf Loos - Austrian architect
One of the pioneers of the modern functional style in Europe
Influenced by the rationalist architecture of the Chicago School in the United States
he rejected the then-current art nouveau style
His opposition to ornamentation - his famous essay Ornament and Crime (1908)
Steiner House (1910, Vienna), rigidly cubic and blocky in construction, was one of the first private residences constructed of reinforced concrete .

15. Antonio Sant’ Elia – Architect of Futurism, 1909
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Futurism
Antonio Sant’ Elia – Architect of Futurism, 1909
Futurism was an Italian movement in the arts begun in 1909 by poet Filippo Marinetti.
glorify contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing its two dominant themes, the machine and motion
Futurist Manifesto of 1914 (Futurism).
He said “It is time to be done with funereal decorative architecture; architecture must be something more vital than that; we can best attain that something by blowing sky high, for a start, all those monuments and monumental pavements, arcades and flights of steps.” And “We no longer feel ourselves to be men of the cathedrals and ancient town halls, but men of the Grand hotels, railway stations, giant roads, colossal harbours, covered markets and glittering arcades.”

16. Antonio Sant’ Elia – Architect of Futurism, 1909
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Futurism
Antonio Sant’ Elia – Architect of Futurism, 1909
Futurism was a violent protest against historical styles so embedded in Italian art and architecture.
Futurist painters and architects found a new beauty in the machine, and glorified the mechanical aspects of art over traditional imitation of beauty. .
But still, he is internationally known for an extraordinary series of drawings he created - design for an imaginary city which he called the Citta Nuova or New City

17. Form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Constructivism
Form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union
Combined advanced technology and engineering with a Communist social purpose
First famous project – Tatlin’s Tower
1919 proposal
glass and steel
Abstract
Futuristic
Political slant symbolises revolution
Exposed materials
Intention to be taller than Eiffel Tower
Tatlin's Tower – Vladimir Tatlin
have internal rotating elements that would house government offices
some rotating once a day, some once a month, some once a year
highly impractical monument
never built
exemplified tendencies of modern art

18. Narkomtiazhprom, Vesnin brothers 1934
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Constructivism
Narkomtiazhprom, Vesnin brothers 1934
Collective Housing design Nikolai Ladovsky 1920

19. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Art Deco
The style known as art deco combined the exuberance of expressionism with the clean, functional lines of rationalism.
Named after an exposition of decorative art held in Paris in 1925, art deco rapidly spread through Europe and the United States.
Streamlined art deco architecture mimicked the sleek design of ocean liners, but it also drew on the decorative qualities of art nouveau and the flowing forms of expressionism. .

20. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
Art Deco
Art deco enjoyed the widest diffusion in the United States, where it was employed in the design of many post offices and government buildings of the 1930s.
One of the premier art deco buildings is the Chrysler Building (1930) in New York City, a 77-story celebration of one of the nation's largest automobile manufacturers, by architect William Van Alen.
With its striking pyramid of shiny metal arches rising to the pinnacle and its stainless steel gargoyles based on the 1929 Chrysler hood ornament, it quickly became a New York City landmark. .

21. Dutch artistic movement 1917-1931
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
De Stijl Movement
Dutch artistic movement
Founded by Theo van Doesburg – writer, painter, designer and critic
With painters - Piet Mondrian, Vilmos Huszàr, and Bart van der Leck
And architects Gerrit Rietveld , Robert vant Hoff, and J.J.P. Oud .
Philosophy for the group’s work – New Plastic art – architecture and painting
Simple and abstract – form and colour
using only straight horizontal and vertical lines
Squares and rectangular forms
limited to the primary colours - red, yellow, and blue, and non colours - black, white, and grey
assymetricality but balanced
In 3-dimensional works - vertical and horizontal lines do not intersect
Each element exists independently and unobstructed

22. Best examples - Rietveld Schröder House and the Red and Blue Chair .
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III – Lecture 2 - MODERNISM - Its initial movements
De Stijl Movement
Best examples - Rietveld Schröder House and the Red and Blue Chair .
“Red and Blue Chair” by Gerrit Rietveld - in 1917
The Rietveld Schröder House
Gerrit Rietveld
Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red, 1939–42, Piet Mondrian Oil on canvas; 72.5 x 69 cm