1. Earth : its characteristics and phenomena
Earth’s internal structure and spheres

2. Earth’s internal structure
It is made up of three major parts :
the core : Center of the earth, Really hot, 2 parts : Inner core (solid), Outer core (liquid). Iron and Nickel
the mantle : Between the crust and the core, close to crust = solid, close to core = thick paste. Magma!!
the crust : External part of Earth, Solid rock, Continental and oceanic crust are part of it
Earth’s internal structure

3. Earth’s internal structure

4. Water cycle
The water cycle is the natural cycling of water through its different states (solid, liquid and gaseous). In this cycle, the water moves between the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere.

5. Water cycle Seven phenomena occur to water during the water cycle :
Evaporation (Energy sun = Transform in water vapour : Ocean)
Condensation (Water vapour cools : becomes cloud, mist or fog; liquid or solid)
Precipitation (Too many water droplets in the clouds = too heavy= fall)

6. Water cycle Seven phenomena occur to water during the water cycle :
Transpiration (Evaporation in living organisms. Tree!!!)
Runoff (Water from precipitation that runs down mountains)
Infiltration ( Water from precipitation penetrates into the ground)
Groundwater flow (The movement of water through the ground)

7. Water Cycle

8. Tectonic plates
A tectonic plate is one of the massive pieces of the lithosphere (solid rock) that floats on the partially melted rocks of the mantle. Tectonic plates form the continents and the bottom of the oceans.
A tectonic plate can be entirely oceanic, like the Pacific Plate. It can also be mixed (partly oceanic, partly continental), like south American Plate

9. The main tectonic plates (8)

10. The movement of tectonic plates
It is caused by the intense heat of Earth’s interior. This heat creates movement in the partially melted rock of the mantle. In turn, this causes the tectonic plates to move very slowly (a few centimetres per year, at most) against each other.
As they move, the plate can :
Collide with each other
Move apart from each other
Rub against each other

11. Collision of tectonic plates

12. Separation of tectonic plates

13. Rubbing of tectonic plates

14. Orogenesis (Formation of a mountain)
Orogenesis is a series of processes that lead to the formation of mountains. Generally, a mountain range comes from the collision of two tectonic plates.

15. Folding

16. Example

17. Other ways mountains are formed

18. Other ways mountains are formed

19. Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in Earth’s crust, through which magma from the mantle rises to the surface. The accumulation of lava and ash expelled by the volcano often from a mountain, which can erupt again.

20. Where can you find volcanoes?

21. Volcanic eruptions

22. Volcanic eruptions

23. Exercices P. 154 and 155 (except #7) P. 174 and 175 P. 180 and 181