1. Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction
Chapter 21
Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction
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2. Patterns of Long-Distance Trade
Silk roads
Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin
Trans-Saharan caravan routes – North Africa
Development of trading cities, emporia
Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network
Example: Mongols in China, thirteenth century
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Marco Polo ( )
Example of long-distance travel
Traveled to China with merchant father, uncle
Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan
Returns to Venice after 17-year absence
Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice-Genoa conflict
Great influence on European engagement with far east
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Marco Polo
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5. Political and Diplomatic Travel
Trade requires diplomatic relations after 1000 C.E.
1200s: Mongols, Christians recognize Muslims as common enemy
Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert to Christianity
Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction
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Diplomatic Travelers
Rabban Sauma
Nestorian Christian priest sent to pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem
Did not win European support
1295, new leader of Persia accepts Islam
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Diplomatic Travelers
Ibn Battuta ( )
Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel
Strict punishment meted out according to sharia
Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft
Unable to convince women of Maldive Islands to cover breasts
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Ibn Battuta
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9. Travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta
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"Cubicles for patients were ranged round two courts, and at the sides of another quadrangle were wards, lecture rooms, library, baths, dispensary, and every necessary appliance of those days of surgical science. There was even music to cheer the sufferers; while reader of the Koran afforded the consolations of the faith. Rich and poor were treated alike, without fees, and sixty orphans were supported and educated in the neighboring school.“
Ibn Battuta on visiting Cairo, Egypt
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 "In this town there is not a man left who knows anything of the science of grammar.“
Ibn Battuta on Basra, modern-day Iraq in the Ilkhanate of Persia
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"Byzantium in the 1330s was a minor Greek state of southeastern Europe and little more. Its international trade had been abandoned to the Italians, its currency was almost worthless, its landlords were grinding the peasantry unmercifully, its army was an assemblage of alien mercenaries, and its Asian territories had been all but lost to the triumphant Turks. It was a state living on borrowed time and past glories.“
Ibn Battuta on visiting Constantinople
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"China was beautiful, but it did not please me. On the contrary, I was greatly troubled thinking about the way paganism dominated this country. Whenever I went out of my lodging, I saw many blameworthy things. That disturbed me so much that I stayed indoors most of the time and only went out when necessary. During my stay in China, whenever I saw any Muslims I always felt as though I were meeting my own family and close kinsmen.“
Ibn Battuta on China
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"They place fetters [ropes or chains] on their children if there appears ... a failure to memorize the Koran, and they are not undone until they memorize it.“
Ibn Battuta on Mali
"I have journeyed to the countries of the world and met their kings. I have been four months in your country without your giving me a reception gift or anything else.”
Ibn Battuta in Mali
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Missionary Travelers
Sufi missionaries travel throughout new Muslim territories, C.E.
Christian missionaries accompany, follow crusaders
Roman Catholic priests travel east to serve expatriate communities
John of Montecorvino travels to China in 1291
Translates Biblical texts, builds churches
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Cultural Exchanges
Songs and stories – troubadours
European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world
Magnetic compass from China
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Spread of Crops
Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton
Sugarcane
Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans
Demand increases rapidly
Europeans use Muslim precedent of having large populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations
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18. Gunpowder Technologies
Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder
Technology reaches Europe by mid-thirteenth century
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Crisis and Recovery
“Little ice age,” ca C.E.
Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine
Bubonic plague spreads from southwest China
Carried by fleas on rodents
Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese interior
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Spread of Plague
Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west
1346 Black Sea ports
1347 Mediterranean ports
1348 western Europe
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22. Symptoms of the Black Plague
Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area
Buboes, hence bubonic
60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms
Extreme northern climates less affected
Winter hard on flea population
India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected
Reasons unknown
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Mommy, I have a bubo (booboo)!!!
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24. Population Decline (millions)
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25. Social and Economic Effects
Massive labor shortage
Demand for higher wages
Population movements
Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements
Riots result
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26. Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty
1368: Yuan (Mongol) dynasty collapses, Mongols depart
Emperor Hongwu – impoverished orphan raised by Buddhist monks, works through military ranks to become emperor
Proclaims new Ming (“brilliant”) dynasty,
Political centralization brings recovery
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Ming Centralization
Reestablishment of Confucian educational system
Execution of minister suspected of treason, begins tradition of direct rule by emperor
Reliance on emissaries called mandarins
Heavy reliance on eunuchs
Sterile, could not build hereditary power base
Centralized structure lasts through Qing dynasty to 1911
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Economic Recovery
Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation systems
Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk
Cultural revival
Attempt to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture
Emperor Yongle commissions 23,000-roll Encyclopedia
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29. Recovery in Western Europe: State Building
China: centralized empire
Europe: regional states
Europe develops new taxes
Italian states: bonds
France: salt tax, sales tax
England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax
Establish large standing armies
French Louis XI ( ) had army of 15,000
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Spain
1469: Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile
Major political and economic alliance
Completes reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian peninsula to Italy
1492: expel remaining Moors (Muslims) from Granada - form Spanish state
Muslims who stay are forced to convert, or become slaves or executed
Funded Columbus’s quest for China – also 1492
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Moors’ Expulsion from Granada
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34. The Renaissance, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century
“Rebirth” of classical culture
Italian artists use perspective
Work with real human anatomy and musculature
Leonardo da Vinci ( )
Architecture: domed cathedrals
Imitation of Roman domes
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35. Leonardo Da Vinci
Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Self portrait

36. Vitruvian Man – depiction of the ideal human
Leonardo Da Vinci (cont)
Half Mona Lisa/Da Vinci
Vitruvian Man – depiction of the ideal human

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Renaissance architecture – St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican City, inside and outside.
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The Humanists
Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy
Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity – Christian Humanism
Desiderius Erasmus ( ) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament – seeks to reform Catholic Church for the better
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Desiderius Erasmus – father of Christian Humanism
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40. Humanist Moral Thought
Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world
Marriage, business
Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy
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41. Renaissance Europe and the Larger World
Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( ) tries to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism
Illustrative failure
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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
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43. “The Prince” Group Project
Groups of 3-4
Step 1: Get in groups
Step 2: read assigned chapter silently
Step 3: write down 4-5 tips for how a prince can gain and hold power based on the chapter
Step 4: Group Collaboration – Discuss your chapter with colleagues
Step 5: Combine tips with rest of group and design a poster
Niccolo Machiavelli
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44. Exploration and Colonization
Ming dynasty hesitant to have large foreign populations
Mongol experience
Allowed small populations in port cities
Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount seven massive naval expeditions,
Placed trade under imperial control
Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty
Successful, but aborted as Mongols presented new threat in the north
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45. Artist’s depiction of Zheng He aboard his ship.
Replica of Zheng He’s treasure ship in Nanjing
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46. European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Motives: profit, missionary activity (Glory, God, and Gold)
Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration
Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin
1415: Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) seizes Strait of Gibraltar
Begins encouragement of major Atlantic voyages
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47. Colonization of the Atlantic Islands
Madeiras, Azores Islands, etc.
Investments in sugarcane plantations
Exploration of west African coast
Dramatically increases volume of slave trade
Ultimately, some 12 million Africans deported to Americas for slave labor
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Indian Ocean Trade
Attempt to avoid using Muslim middlemen in trade with east
1488: Portugal’s Bartolomeu Dias sails around Cape of Good Hope
: Vasco da Gama sails this route to India and back – 1st European to reach India
Portuguese gun ships attempt to maintain trade monopoly
Beginnings of European imperialism in Asia
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Christopher Columbus
Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean
Portuguese consider his proposal impractical, reject it
Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage; departs in 1492
Makes landfall in San Salvador
Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia
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50. Chinese and European Voyages of Exploration, 1405-1498
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Zheng he’s Baochuan vs. Columbus’s Santa Maria
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