1. Chapter 8 review

2. 1. How is space politically organized?
States
The politically organized territory
Over 200 in the world today
Nations
Culturally defined group of people with shared past and common future who relate to the territory
Nation-State
At least 95% of the population is of one ethnicity
Example: Japan, Iceland
Multistate Nation
Nation with more than one state
Example: Europeans
Multinational State
State with more than one nation
Example: Former Yugoslavia
Stateless Nation
Nation without a state
Example: Kurds
Largely influenced by Colonization and Imperialism

4. 1. How is space politically organized?
Types and shapes of states
Elongated- stretched thin- Chile, Vietnam
Compact state- typically circular with capital located in center- Belgium, Zimbabwe, Poland, Botswana
Prorupt- has a protruding part- Thailand
Perforated- has another country inside of it- South Africa, Italy
Microstate- very small- Vatican City, San Marino, Liechtenstein
Landlocked- Nepal, Chad, Austria, Afghanistan
Enclave- lies inside another country- Vatican City, Lesotho
Exclave- belongs to someone else but not connected to it- Alaska
Buffer state- lies between two rivals- Mongolia, Poland, North Korea

5. Elongated
Microstate
Compact
Perforated
Prorupt
Landlocked

6. 2. How are states classified? Why?
Wallerstein’s World Systems Analysis
Core-Periphery System
All started with Europeans colonizing the world
Core
Wealthy, high technology, good education, good health care
Stage 4-5 on the DTM
Semi-Periphery
Has core and periphery in different parts of the country
Stage 3 on the DTM
Periphery
Poor, low technology, low education, barely any health care
Stage 1-2 on the DTM

7. Dominant colonizers

8. The World Economy

9. 3. How can states organize their governments?
Unitary
Highly centralized where the capital city serves as focus of power
Federal
State is organized into territories which have control over their own government policies and funds
Example: U.S., Nigeria
Devolution
Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state
Move from Unitary to Federal
Caused by ethnicity or cultural differences, economic issues, or space problems
Electoral Geography
State electoral system
Reapportionment
Redrawing voting districts for better accuracy
Gerrymandering
Redrawing voting districts to favor one political party over another
Majority-Minority districts
The minority population becomes the majority in a district so the candidate can win their vote

10. 4. What about boundaries? Geometric Superimposed Physical-Political
Based on grid system
Latitude and Longitude
U.S. and Canada border
Physical-Political
Use a feature in the physical geographic landscape
U.S. and Mexico border
Relic
Not used anymore but still visible
Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall
Antecedent
Established before an area is well populated
Superimposed
Ignore the cultural and tribal difference across space
Colonization
Much of Africa
Disputes
Over the definition
Over the delimiting
Over the demarcating
Over the resources

11. 5. What are geopolitics?
How geography, power, politics, and international relations relate to each other.
German School
Ratzel’s Organic State Theory
Nazi’s used this theory to justify their actions
British/American School
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Whoever had control of the “western way” could control the world
World order
Unilateralism- U.S. emerging as a supreme power in the world

12. 6. What kind of organizations control states all around the world?
Supranational Organizations
Three or more states that forge an association in pursuit of shared goals
Former League of Nations
United Nations
European Union