1. Taxonomy - Classification of Organisms

2. Aristotle is credited with the first true classification system
Aristotle is credited with the first true classification system. He grouped all living things into two basic groups:
plant and animal OR

3. Carolus Linnaeus – father of taxonomy
Taxonomy – study of classification
Developed system known as binomial nomenclature
TWO name system
First name is GENUS , second is SPECIES
Ex. Humans – Homo sapiens
GENUS name
SPECIES name

4. Dog - Canis familiaris
Wolf - Canis lupus
Same GENUS…different SPECIES
Notice the genus is capitalized but the species begins with a lower case letter!
Both are italicized or underlined.

5. Loxosceles reclusa (Brown Recluse) This is the ‘scientific name’
-uses Latin because it is an unchanging language
No chance for confusion – no nick names
Mugil cephalus - scientific name
Nicknames - striped mullet, black mullet, sea mullet, flathead mullet, and gray mullet

6. 7 levels of organization
In taxonomy there are
7 levels of organization
Kingdom BIGGEST
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species smallest
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Green
Soup
MOST GENERAL
Can INTERBREED

7. Grass pickerel & Muskellunge
Try this!
Which of the organisms in the chart are most closely related?
WHY?
Grass pickerel & Muskellunge
They belong to the same GENUS

8. Circle the two organisms that are most closely related?
Taxon
House Cat
Mountain Lion
Dog
Human
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivoria
Primates
Family
Felidae
Canidae
Hominidae
Genus
Felis
Canis
Homo
Species
domesticus
concolor
familiaris
sapiens

9. Which level is the most general? The most specific?
At what taxonomic level do the dog and human become different?
What is the family name of the dog?
Which organism is most closely related to the wolf?
What is the scientific name of the wolf?
A genus is composed of a number of related?
A group of related phyla are?
Which taxon contains the largest # of organisms?

10. 6 Kingdoms of Life Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi Plants
Animals

11. Characteristics of the Six Kingdoms

12. Dichotomous Keys
A tool that uses a series of paired statements and the visible characteristics of the organism.

13. 1. Always start at statement 1 (or the beginning point)
2. Decide which path best describes the organism (Statement A or Statement B)
3. Follow that path to find the next choice (Go to …)
4. When you can go no further, you will find the name!

14. Practice

16. Taxonomic Diagrams Phylogenetic Tree Cladogram Taxonomic Diagrams
Mammals
Turtles
Lizards and Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Mammals
Turtles
Lizards and Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Taxonomic Diagrams
Sometimes, biologists group organisms into categories that represent common ancestries, not just physical similarities. Early naturalists used physical characteristics and later, fossil data, attempting to represent evolutionary relationships among organisms. Today, modern classification systems use fossil data, physical characteristics and DNA/RNA information to draw increasingly more accurate branching diagrams.
Phylogenetic trees, or phylogenies, represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms and may include extinct as well as modern species. Cladograms are based only on characteristics observable in existing species. The branching patterns in a cladogram are defined by the presence of unique, evolving innovations (derived characteristics) shared by all members of the group.
References
Campbell, Neil E. and Reece, Jane B Biology, Sixth Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.S., Stevens, P.F., Monoghue, M.J Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Second Edition. Sinauer Assoicates, Inc.
Image References:
Buffalo (Jack Dykinga), Alligator (USDA), Turkey (Scott Bauer)
From USDA Agricultural Research Service
Turtle, Snake
Art Explosion, Volume 2 Clip Art
Phylogenetic Tree
Cladogram

17. Cladograms
A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows the relationships of organism
Pg 467 MiniLab

18. Cladogram Practice F C A G E D B H