1. Classification
Packet 2

2. Notes: Intro to Classification
Pages 1-3

3. Classification of Living Things:
Scientists have discovered and named over ________________ different organisms, and the list continues to grow every day.
______________________ is a way of grouping things into categories based upon their characteristics.
The science of classifying all living things is called ________________.
The way we classify organisms is based upon a system developed over 200 years ago by Carolus Linnaeus.
2 MILLION
CLASSIFICATION
TAXONOMY

4. TAXA LARGEST SMALLEST SPECIFIC
According to his system, organisms are placed into groups called _________. Linnaeus created 7 taxa:
Kingdom (_________________)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (__________________)
A large number of organisms belong to the same kingdom. Fewer belong to the same phylum, and so on.
Species is the smallest, most ________________category. Organisms of the same species are a group of genetically distinct organisms.
TAXA
LARGEST
SMALLEST
SPECIFIC

5. Two organisms in the same genus are quite similar because they diverged (came from) a recent common ancestor.
However, some form of selection in the past caused them to separate into different groups or species.
American Black Bear
Grizzly Bear

6. The diagram below shows Linnaeus’s classification of a grizzly bear starting with its Kingdom.
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Label the names of the missing taxa on the lines
Notice the diversity of the organisms that are in the same kingdom as the grizzly bear.
How many taxa do the fox & grizzly bear have in common? ____ 4

7. The diagram below shows Linnaeus’s classification of a grizzly bear starting with its Kingdom.
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
If two organisms are in the same phylum, does that mean that they must be in the same class?_____
Which animal in this diagram is most closely related to the grizzly bear? _____________ No
Black Bear

8. How we define a species?
As we learn more about the organisms around us, the definition for a species has changed over time.
If we have two organisms that look alike, how do we know if organisms are the same species? Scientists use several characteristics to determine this.

9. A species is defined as organisms that:
1. Have a similar shape/structure (morphology). Many species have great variation in their appearances. Some examples include:

10. Ex: Dogs show a great degree of variation in their species.

11. Ex: Lions – males & females have some differences in their appearance

12. A species is defined as organisms that:
2. Are able to mate AND produce fertile offspring. Two giraffes reproduce and give birth to a baby giraffe. Once the giraffe matures, it will reproduce and have babies of its own.

13. A species is defined as organisms that:
2. Are able to mate AND produce fertile offspring.
A _________ & a donkey have a similar appearance and are both in the genus Equus.
When a horse is mated with a donkey, their offspring is a mule. As it turns out, mules are sterile and can’t reproduce. That means that these two animals must be ____________ species.
Horse
different

14. A species is defined as organisms that:
3. The organisms must be a natural population. That means if the only time these animals might be found together is in captivity, they would not be the same species.
________ & _________ belong to the genus Panthera.
Lions Tigers

15. Tigon = Tiger (male) x lion (female)
These animals can also mate and produce offspring called a Liger or a Tigon (which are often sterile, meaning they too can’t produce offspring).
Tigon = Tiger (male) x lion (female)
Liger = Lion (male) x Tiger (female)

16. Linnaeus realized that referring to organisms by their common name could be quite confusing.
While some common names refer only to one specific species (i.e. Lion and Walrus) …

17. … Other times a common name can refer to many different species (i. e
… Other times a common name can refer to many different species (i.e. deer… there are 34 different species of deer).

18. Linnaeus realized that each species needed a universal scientific name.
These names were made up of the last two taxa: (____________ + ____________ )
GENUS
SPECIES
Ex.
Ursus
maritimus

19. Scientific Names
Each species is given a unique scientific name. These names are in _______so they often sound unusual to us. The scientific name for humans is______________.
LATIN
Homo sapiens

20. Scientific Names
All humans are in the genus ________ and species name __________.
Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Chordata
 Class Mammali
Order Primate
 Family Hominidae
 Genus Homo
 Species sapiens.
Homo
Sapiens }
Full
Classification

21. Today, the system has been modified in several ways:
1 – Based upon _____________ evidence, the classification of some organism had to be changed. We are more accurately able to tell how closely related organisms are by comparing their _________ or ______________. 2 – A larger taxa (classification group) was added to the system called _____________. Organisms are placed into one of three domains based upon the complexity of their cells prokaryotes = no nucleus eukaryotes = nucleus
GENETIC
DNA
PROTEINS
DOMAIN

22. Within each domain, organisms are placed into a _____________.
KINGDOM
Organisms in the same kingdom share several important characteristics such as cell structure or how they obtain and use energy (heterotrophs = eat autotrophs = make own food

23. Classification Groups from biggest to smallest (broadest to most specific)

24. Classification Groups from biggest to smallest (broadest to most specific)

25. Study Guide: Intro to Classification
Page 4

26. Introduction to Classification
1. What is the scientific name of the grizzly bear? _______ _______ (refer to the chart on page 1 of your notes). 2. What language is used to give scientific names to all living things? __________ 3. What is the genus of the red maple if its scientific name is Acer rubrum? _________ 4. The largest group in the current system of classification is the __________ ; The ____________ is the smallest classification group.
Ursus arctos
latin
Acer
domain
species

27. 5. Fill in the name of each missing taxonomic category on the right in the chart below:
Green Frog
Mountain Lion
Domestic Dog
Human
Kingdom
Animalia
Chordata
Class
Amphibia
Mammalia
Anura
Carnivora
Primates
Family
Ranidae
Felidae
Canidae
Hominidae
Rana
Felis
Canis
Homo
Species
clamitans
concolor
familiaris
sapiens
6. Which taxon (category) includes the most specific characteristics? ___________
7. Which taxon above includes a larger number of species, an order or a phylum? ______________
8. What is the scientific name of the green frog? _____________________________

28. species phylum Rana clamitans
Taxon
Green Frog
Mountain Lion
Domestic Dog
Human
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Amphibia
Mammalia
Order
Anura
Carnivora
Primates
Family
Ranidae
Felidae
Canidae
Hominidae
Genus
Rana
Felis
Canis
Homo
Species
clamitans
concolor
familiaris
sapiens
6. Which taxon (category) includes the most specific characteristics? ___________
7. Which taxon above includes a larger number of species, an order or a phylum? ______________
8. What is the scientific name of the green frog? _____________________________
species
phylum
Rana clamitans

29. Kingdom & Phylum Domestic Dog Mountain Lion 4 Green Frog
Taxon
Green Frog
Mountain Lion
Domestic Dog
Human
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Amphibia
Mammalia
Order
Anura
Carnivora
Primates
Family
Ranidae
Felidae
Canidae
Hominidae
Genus
Rana
Felis
Canis
Homo
Species
clamitans
concolor
familiaris
sapiens
9. Which taxa do all four organisms have in common? _______________________
10. Which two organisms in the chart are the most closely related? _____________ & ___________________; How many taxa do they have in common? ____________
11. Which animal is least closely related to the human? ____________________
Kingdom & Phylum
Domestic Dog
Mountain Lion 4
Green Frog

30. species order Eukarya Taxon Green Frog Mountain Lion Domestic Dog
Human
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Amphibia
Mammalia
Order
Anura
Carnivora
Primates
Family
Ranidae
Felidae
Canidae
Hominidae
Genus
Rana
Felis
Canis
Homo
Species
clamitans
concolor
familiaris
sapiens
12. For two organisms to successfully mate (produce fertile offspring), they must be the same ____________________
13. Which taxa is larger than a family, but smaller than a class? _________________
14. Since all of these organisms are in the animal kingdom, what is the name of the domain that they are found in? _______________
species
order
Eukarya

31. Review Intro to Classification
What do you call the study of how living things are classified?
List the levels of classification starting from biggest to smallest.
How many words are in every scientific name?
What language are scientific names written in.
taxonomy
D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S
WARM UP 2
Latin

32. Review Intro to Classification
Write the scientific name ACER RUBRUM in the correct format.
What is the word Acer?
What is the word rubrum?
What are the 3 characteristics that organisms must have to be classified as the same species?
Acer rubrum
genus
species
WARM UP
must look alike (similar morphology)
be able to breed and have fertile offspring
found together in nature

33. Review Intro to Classification
What kingdom do humans belong in?
When domain was added to the classification system, animals were put into a domain with 3 other kingdoms because they all have ____.
What information can scientists now use to more accurately determine relatedness between individuals?
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Animalia
A nucleus
WARM UP
DNA & Protein
The father of taxonomy
(gave us our classification system)

34. Notes: Ways to Show Evolutionary Relationships
Page 5

35. Cladogram (Phylogenetic trees) are used to show how organisms & their ancestors evolved from one another.
Organisms shown share a common ancestor (located at the bottom of the tree/branches).
The simplest (most primitive) animals will be at the base of the chart.
The most complex (or most highly evolved) will be at the top of the chart (farthest from the base).

36. Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions:
1. Which animal is the most primitive? _____________________________ 2. Does the perch possess a lungs? _________________________________
Hagfish No

37. Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions:
3. What features are shared by the salamander & mouse? ___________________________________________________________
Jaws and Lungs

38. Use the cladogram to the right to answer the following questions:
4. Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics? ___________________________________________________________
Because the organisms after it (Mouse and Chimp) do not have feathers

39. A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms.
5. Which animals on the cladogram have limbs? 6. Which animal on the cladogram is the most complex?
Lizard, Kangaroo, and Cat
Cat

40. A Cladogram can be constructed for any group of organisms.
7. What characteristic(s) is/are listed for the sponges? 8. What characteristics are shared by the lizard & the earthworm?
Multicellular
Multicellular and Semented Body

41. Molecules reflect evolutionary relationships.
DNA
Proteins
Comparing the _________ and _______________ (which are made of amino acids) of different species provides strong evidence for evolution. Finding the number of differences in the genetic information between different species helps determine how closely related two organisms are.

42. In the cladogram on the left, the greater the evolutionary distance from humans, the greater the number of amino acid differences in the hemoglobin protein (polypeptide).

44. Notes: Classification Keys
Page 6

45. Dichotomous

50. White Elm English Oak Magnolia Sweet Gum
Pointed
Five

51. Tiny Free Swimming Larva
Barnacle and Crab
Tiny Free Swimming Larva
Latin
Genus
Species

52. Have a similar shape/structure
Homo
sapiens
Taxonomy
Have a similar shape/structure
Be able to mate and produce fertile offspring
Must be a natural population
Archaea
Archaeabacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia

53. Lizards, Birds and Mammals
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dichotomous
Vertebrae
Lizards, Birds and Mammals