1. Classification

2. The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy
The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other

3. 6 Kingdom Proposal Archebacteria EUbacteria
6 Kingdom Classification System
Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria
(formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Protista (same)
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

4. 3 Domain System:
Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles
Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria
Eukarya: eukaryotes
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

5. Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their species
A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspring

6. Did King Philip Come
Over
For Gold Specks?
Taxa

7. Binomial Nomenclature
Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system”
First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized
Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase
Entire name is underlined and italicized
Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized

8. Often Latin names contain clues about the type of organism being described.
Canis domesticus
And closely related organisms are often in the same genus, also giving clues about their names
Canis lupus
Some names are given after the discoverer, or the discovery location, or even a Latinized descriptive term in English

9. Domain Archaea Formerly part of the kingdom monera
Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria
Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

10. Domain Eubacteria Formerly a part of the kingdom monera
Name means “true bacteria”
These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese
Bacilli
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Dicoccus
Spirilla

11. Domain Eukarya
Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

12. Kingdom Protista Animal-Like (Protozoans) Fungus-Like Plant-Like
Paramecium
Giardia
Amoeba
Fungus-Like
Includes All Protists:
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)
Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)
Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like Protists
Examples: Water molds, slime molds
Plant-Like
Water Mold
Slime Mold
Diatom
Euglena
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Dinoflagellates

13. Kingdom Fungi
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil

14. Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Kingdom Plantae
Primitive Plants
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Complex Plants
Pteridophyte(Fern)
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms
Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide
Common Phyla:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)
Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Angiosperm; Dicot
Angiosperm; Monocot

15. Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms
Common Phyla:
Porifera (sponges, corral)
Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)
Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms)
Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)
Platyhelminthes

16. Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata
Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)
Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)
Chordata (those with spinal chords)
Molluska
Echinodermata

17. Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapien

18. Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2
1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20
2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3
2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35
3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger
3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion
Used to help identify unknown specimen
Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organism

19. Dichotomous Key Try this one:
1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2
1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8
2a. Organism has visible fur 3
2b. Organism has no visible fur
3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7
3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4
4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus americanus
4b. Organism has white fur Ursus maritimus

20. Note Guide Who was Linnaeus? What are taxa?
The old classification system is:
The new classification system choices are: 1. 2.
How are organisms scientifically named?
What is the difference between the 3 domains? 3.
Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya: 4.

21. Note Guide (pg. 2)
Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
How would you fully classify a human?
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?
How do you read a dichotomous key?