1. Chapter 1 The Science of Biology 1.1 What is science
1.2 Science in context
1.3 Studying life

2. Bias Particular preference or point of view
Very personal
Should be avoided
Science aims to be objective
Not always possible
Mitigated through collaboration

3. Where do ideas come from?
Good scientists
Curious
Skeptical
Open minded
Creative
Existing practical problems
Technology
Advancements in technology further scientific innovation
Communication
Peer reviewed work – sharing ideas, test and evaluate each others work

4. Science in Context How does science influence society?
Scientific research is strongly influenced by societal need
Provides answers to questions that affect our day to day life
How does society influence science?
Ethics
Morality
Who should pay for science?
In a product safety student, who should pay for research? Companies to maintain high standards or the government to protect the people?

5. Why is it important to understand how science is performed and ideas are developed?
Provide a critical viewpoint
Helps to assess the validity of ideas
Why is it important to know the limitations of Science?
Important to know what questions science can’t answer

6. What makes something alive?
Made up of basic units called cells
Smallest unit considered fully alive
Cells can grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce
Cells are complex and highly organised

7. Are based on a universal genetic code
All molecules store information needed to live, grow and reproduce in genetic code
Written into DNA
Essentially copied and pasted from parent to offspring
Almost identical for every organism on Earth

8. Obtain and used materials and energy
All organisms grow, develop and reproduce
This requires energy
Energy obtained via metabolism
Combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

9. Grow and develop All organisms have patterns of growth and development
During development a fertilised egg continues to divide
As they divide, they differentiate
Look different from each other
Perform different functions

10. Reproduce They must be able to produce new similar organims
Sexual reproduction
Two parents cells combine to produce first cell of new organism
Asexual reproduction
Single offspring produces identical cell

11. Respond to stimuli Stimulus - signal to which an organism will respond
Organisms detect and react to stimuli from their environment
Move towards food if hungry
Move away from danger for protection

12. Change over time
Groups of things will physically change or evolve over time
Evolutionary theory suggests that life can be linked to a common origin very early in Earth’s history
Evidence found in shared DNA between organisms
Fossils
Shared physical features and structures

13. Maintain stable environments
Need to maintain stable environment despite changes in external conditions
Which can sometimes be dramatic
This process is called homeostasis

14. Key ideas Cells – cellular basis of life Heredity Energy and Matter
Unicellular and multicellular organisms
Many different types of cells
Heredity
Information coded by DNA – same for 3.5 billion years
DNA makes you and all living things unique
Energy and Matter
Autotrophs – make their own energy from light or chemicals
Heterotrophs – ingest food
Growth, development and reproduction
New organisms always smaller than parents
Homeostasis
Small variations to internal environment can often result in serious consequences

15. Key themes continued Evolution Structure and Function
As a group living things evolve.
Genetic and physical evidence
Structure and Function
Major groups of organisms have evolved a collection of structures that make functions possible as new environments are encountered
Diversity of life
Large variety of life on earth
Major similarities at molecular level
Explained through evolutionary theory
Interdependence
Everything connected on Biosphere (living planet)
Dependent on cycling of matter and flow of energy
Science as a way of knowing
Science is not just facts!
Allows people to marvel at world around
Live successfully in the biosphere!

16. Biology is an exciting diverse subject…
There are many overlapping fields that use different tools to study life from molecular level to the entire planet!
Numerous different fields..
Ecology
Interactions amongst organisms and the environment
Environmental Science
Applied part of ecology – conservation, management etc…
Biotechnology
Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products – e.g. microorganisms in antiobiotic production
Genomics
Applies DNA sequencing methods and recombinant DNA to analyze the function and structure of genomes
Molecular biology
Structure and function of macromolecules essential for life – proteins, nucleic acids
Zoology
Structure, embryology, evolution, classification habits and distributions of all animals

17. Which can lead to a number of exciting different careers

18. A Key unifying concept is safety…
All science experiments have to be conducted in a safe and professional manner
Follow all instructions carefully
Ensure you fully understand procedures and all safety precautions
Read lab skills appendix B A-11 to A13
Before starting any lab work ensure that you understand the entire procedure

19. Metric system 1km – convert to metres
0.45 liter – convert to milliliters
5000 milligrams – convert to grams
130 metres – convert to kilometers
2500 mililetres – convert to liters
0.017 grams - convert miligrams

20. Summary
Design an experiment to study how temperature affects the rate at which sliced apples turn brown
Hypothesis
Variables
Experimental groups

21. Key points summarized Independent variable Dependent variable Control
Hypothesis

22. Key summary continued Bias Ethical/moral implications of science
What makes something alive?
Unifying concepts in Science