1. Intercultural Communication
跨文化交际
滁州学院外国语学院 田燕
Culture is a Bridge.

2. 教学对象：英语专业高年级学生
教学目的：培养学生的跨文化意识和敏感性。有意
识地引导学生自己对文化和文化差异现象进行分
析，尝试解释，对不熟悉的文化内容进行探索，
不断对自己的学习过程进行反思，及时总结经验，
改进学习方法。

3. Teaching methods Pair/group work Discussion Task-based approach
Communicative approach
Questions and answers
Case analysis 3

4. Intercultural Communication
Unit 1
An Introduction
跨文化交际简介
Culture is a Bridge.

5. CONTENTS 1. Warm up 2. Culture 3. Communication
4. Intercultural Communication

6. ≠跨文化技巧
（许多技巧都有十分明显的文化局限性）
≠其他文化的知识
（这类知识往往容易造成固见，不利于跨文化的交流）

7. Generalizations and stereotypes
e.g. Chinese culture
Shared knowledge
Shared values
Shared perspectives
Shared beliefs
Shared behavior

8. Stereotypes

9. The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures
Warm up
The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures
The way of life
Individual vs Group

10. The way of making comments
Warm up
The way of making comments
Direct vs Indirect

11. Warm up
Punctuality
On time vs Late

12. Personal Relationship
Warm up
Personal Relationship
Simple vs Complex

13. Warm up
Standing in a queue
Line vs Fan

14. Walking in a street on weekends
Warm up
Walking in a street on weekends
A few vs a crowd

15. Warm up
Time for a shower
In the morning vs in the evening

16. Daily life of old people
Warm up
Daily life of old people
With a dog vs with a child

17. Voice of talking in public
Warm up
Voice of talking in public
Low vs high

18. Warm up
Idea of oneself
Individual-centered vs group-centered

19. Warm up
Leadership
Equal vs power

20. What is culture? What does the term “culture” usually mean to you?
Please discuss what you think of the word “culture’.

21. What is culture?

22. What is culture? Where are you from? Chinese American German French
Members of a particular culture have certain
things in common.

23. What is culture? Three Ingredients: artifacts
concepts (beliefs, values, world views…)
behavior
e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, then value placed on it is a concept, the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior.

24. A culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs
Abraham Maslow
The physiological needs
The safety needs
The belongingness needs
The esteem needs
The self-actualization needs

25. Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
—Taylor
Primitive Culture (1871)

26. 文化或文明，从其宽泛的民族志意义上来理解，是指一个复合整体，它包含知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为社会一个成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。
--- 泰勒( )《原始文化》

27. “在这个世界上，没有别的东西比文化更难捉摸。我们不能分析它，因为它的成分无穷无尽；我们不能叙述它，因为它没有固定的形状。我们想用文字来定义它，这就像要把空气抓在手里：除了不在手里，它无处不在。”
---美国文化人类学家洛威尔

28. Culture
1.The Cultural
Iceberg

29. Culture Like an Iceberg
a. Objective culture:
history, literature, and
customs. ( visible, small
part)
b. Subjective culture:
feelings and attitudes
about things.
(invisible, large part )

30. Culture

31. Culture
2. The
Cultural
Onion

32. Culture
2. The Onion Culture
The onion has three different layers. The outer layer, the middle layer, the inner nuclear layer. By the same token, culture like an onion. when you strip it layer by layer, you will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.

33. Culture
Three Levels
Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable:
1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning
2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior
3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect

34. 外层：象征物，语言、食物、服饰、建筑、时装、艺术 中间层：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影响
Culture
Three Levels
外层：象征物，语言、食物、服饰、建筑、时装、艺术
中间层：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影响
核心层：礼仪，打招呼、尊重等

35. Culture
3.The Cultural Fish

36. Culture Like the Water a Fish Swims in
a. The fish notices everything
except the water he is
swimming in.
b.  The fish takes the water for
granted.
c.   We take everything around us for granted.

37. Culture
Fish Swimming in Water
Like any creature, a fish scans its environment to find food, reproduce and protect itself from danger. It notices everything except the water it is swimming in. The fish takes the water for granted because it so totally surrounds the fish that it really cannot imagine another environment. The same is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.

38. The Characteristics of Culture
Culture is shared.
Culture is learned.
Culture is symbolic.
Culture is integrated.
Culture is dynamic.
Culture is ethnocentric.

39. 文化的深处时常并不是在典章制度之中，而是在人 们洒扫应对的日常起居之间。一举手，一投足，看 是那样自然，不加做作，可是事实上却完全没有任
意之处，可说是都受着一套从小潜移默化中得来的
价值体系所控制。在什么场合下，应当怎样举止，
文化替我们早就安排好，不必我们临事考虑，犹豫
取决的。愈是基本的价值，我们就愈是不假思索。
行为时最不经意的，也就是最深入的文化表现。
---费孝通《美国与美国人》

40. Reading II Elements of Communication
◆Context
The interrelated conditions of communication make up
what is known as context.
a) Physical setting—including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements.
b) Historical—Previous communication episodes affect the meanings currently being shared.

41. Communication
c) Psychological—The manner in which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicate will affect the meaning that is shared.
d) Culture—“systems of knowledge” shared by a relatively large group of people. It includes a system of shared beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors.

42. ◆Participants Communication
The participants in communication plays the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.
As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols.
As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.
Three especially important variables affecting participants are relationship, gender, and culture.

43. ◆Messages Communication encoding and decoding.
including the elements of meanings, symbols,
encoding and decoding.
a) Meanings—The pure ideas and feelings that
exist in a person’s mind represent meanings.
b) Symbols—The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols.

44. C) Encoding and decoding—The process of
transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and
organizing them is called encoding a message;
the process of transforming messages back into
ideas and feelings is called decoding.
The encoding and decoding processes include
nonverbal cues, which significantly affect the
meaning created between the participants in a
communication transaction. Even when we
consciously encode verbal messages designed to
create specific meanings, our less controllable
nonverbal behaviors can create unintended and
conflicting meanings. Unintended meanings are
created when decoding person receives a
meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he
or she was communication.

45. ◆Channels Communication A channel is both the route traveled by the
message and the means of transportation.
Messages are transmitted through a variety of
sensory channels. We may use sound, sight, smell,
taste, tough, or any combination of these to carry a
message. Face-to-face communication has two
basic channels: sound (verbal symbols) and sight
(nonverbal cues). However, people can and do
communicate by any of the five sensory channels.

46. Communication
◆Noise
Noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the
participants, that interferes with the sharing of
meaning.
External noise: Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in
the environment that draw people’s attention away
from intended meaning are known as external
noise.
Internal noise: Thoughts and feelings that interfere with
the communication process are known as internal noise.

47. Communication
Semantic noise: Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.
The important point to remember is that noise can function as a communication barrier. As noise increases, the chances for effective communication usually decrease, and as noise decreases, the chances for effective communication usually rise.

48. Matching task
In communication, the sentence meaning and the speaker’s meaning may not be exactly the same. What is important to successful communication is not just knowing the sentence meaning but knowing what the speaker actually means by the sentence said.
Try to make a match between each of what the first speaker says on the left and what the second speaker says on the right to form a dialogue that will make sense, and then decide what is possibly meant by the second speaker in the dialogue.

49. 1. Let’s go to the movies.
2. Good morning. Do you have
anything to treat complete loss
of voice?
3. I do think Mrs. Jenkins is an
old windbag(空谈者，夸夸其谈
者）, don’t you?
4. What on earth has happened
to my roast beef?
5. Would you like a cocktail? It’s
my invention.
A: Huh, lovely weather
for March, isn’t it?
B: The dog is looking happy.
C: Good morning Sir.
What can I do for you today?
D: Well, mmm uh it’s not that we don’t think.
E: I’ll bring the Kleenex(克里内克斯牌纸巾）.

50. 6. Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?
7. Did you buy her a horse?
8. We went to see “The Omen” last night but it wasn’t very scary (骇人的，让人惊恐的）.
9. Would you like something to think?
10. Is John a good cook?
F: I bought her a flower.
G: It would keep me awake all night.
H: It is an outdoor party.
I: He’s English.
J: Well, I’ve been on whiskey all day.

51. ◆Feedback Communication As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of
messages, they are likely to give some kind of
verbal or nonverbal response. This response,
called feedback, tells the sender whether the
message has been heard, seen or understood.

52. Communication
If the feedback tells the sender that communication was not received or was misinterpreted, the person can send the message again, perhaps in a different way, until the listener receives the meaning the sender intends.
Feedback serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.

53. Intercultural Communication
Questions:
What are the four trends that make our world more interdependent?

54. Four trends that make our world more interdependent
Convenient transportation system

55. Innovative communication system

56. Economic globalization

57. Widespread migrations
America is a big melting pot.

58. Discussion
Which is Better for America: The Melting Pot or the Salad Bowl?
The melting pot is a metaphor for a heterogeneous[‘hɛtərə’dʒinɪəs] 异类的 society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements “melting together” into a harmonious whole with a common culture. It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States.

59. The salad bowl concept suggests that the integration of the many different cultures of United States residents combine like a salad. In the salad bowl model, various American cultures are juxtaposed [‘dʒʌkstə’poz] 并置 — like salad ingredients — but do not merge together into a single homogeneous  culture. Each culture keeps its own distinct qualities.

60. What is Intercultural Communication?
Communication between any two persons
family/education/environment background
Communication between people from different cultures (nations)

62. 1. Understanding
among
Peoples

63. Intercultural Communication means the communication between people who have different cultural backgrounds.
The Fifty-six Ethnic Groups in China

64. We focus on the communication or exchange or differences between the Chinese and the Westerners.

65. The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People
Saving Face
Hardworking
Formal

66. The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People
Insensitive to time
Tending to misunderstand
Beating
about the bush

67. The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People
Being doubtful
Obey but not Follow
Being content

68. The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People
Shanzai everywhere
Never kissed parents

69. The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners
Going Dutch
Kiss and hug anytime and anywhere

70. The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners
Being punctual
Mind your own business
Too frank

71. 2. Cultural Conflicts

72. Land Cruiser Advertisement
Advertisements sometimes caused cultural conflicts between people from different nations.

73. Land Cruiser by Toyota Japan

74. A Land Cruiser is running along a rugged and steep mountain path in Kekexili, dragging with shackles behind it a heavy and clumsy truck looking like Dongfeng. The ad says: Nothing can prevent it from advancing (征途无限).
Some Chinese get angry. They think that the truck behind is Dongfeng. Being dragged by the Land Cruiser implies that China is backward, which hurts the national dignity of the Chinese people.

75. The Toyota company in China published a public letter of apology: they apologized for publishing such advertisement, and decided to stop it immediately. It emphasized that they did not mean to hurt the Chinese. Their original intention was just for business. Nothing more.

77. 《燕尾服》意外受挫 :15:11 杨春
成龙从上周开始带着新片《燕尾服》征战亚洲市
场，却出师不利。日前该片海报在泰国已经被禁。
原来成龙在海报上摆出了凌空飞踢的姿势，海报的
醒目位置上正是成龙硕大的脚底板。可是按照泰国
的风俗，用脚底板对人是非常不礼貌的行为，当地
电影检查机构已把这幅宣传海报列入禁止发布的行
列。不过成龙公司也已经决定入乡随俗，加紧赶制
新海报。

78. Study area Verbal Language (word, thought patterns,...)
Nonverbal language
(body language, time concept, spatial language, paralanguage, environment…)
Social perception
(values, beliefs, attitudes, world views…)

79. homework
My first intercultural communication experience

80. Thank You!