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Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Chapter 4, part B Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Plasma Membrane Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called chromatophores or thylakoids
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Plasma Membrane Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.
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Movement Across Membranes
Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.
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Movement Across Membranes
Figure 4.17
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Movement Across Membranes
Osmosis Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Figure 4.18a
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Figure 4.18c-e
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Movement Across Membranes
Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.
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Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane
Figure 4.6a, b
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Nuclear Area Nuclear area (nucleoid) Figure 4.6a, b
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Ribosomes Figure 4.6a
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Ribosomes Figure 4.19
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Inclusions Metachromatic granules (volutin) Phosphate reserves
Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules Carboxysomes Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes Phosphate reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)
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Endospores Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation: Endospore formation Germination: Return to vegetative state
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Figure 4.21a
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Eukaryotic Cells Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.
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Figure 4.22a
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Flagella and Cilia Figure 4.23a, b
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Microtubules Tubulin 9 pairs + 2 arrangements Figure 4.23c
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Cell Wall Cell wall Plants, algae, fungi Carbohydrates
Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan Glycocalyx Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane
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Plasma Membrane Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins Sterols Glycocalyx carbohydrates
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Plasma Membrane Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Simple diffusion Facilitative diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
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Eukaryotic Cell Cytoplasm Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus Cytosol Fluid portion of cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules Cytoplasmic streaming Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells
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Organelles Membrane-bound: Nucleus Contains chromosomes
ER Transport network Golgi complex Membrane formation and secretion Lysosome Digestive enzymes Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support Mitochondrion Cellular respiration Chloroplast Photosynthesis Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
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Eukaryotic Cell Not membrane-bound: Ribosome Protein synthesis
Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and centrioles Centriole Mitotic spindle formation
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Nucleus Figure 4.24
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 4.25
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Ribosomes 80S Membrane-bound Attached to ER Free In cytoplasm 70S
In chloroplasts and mitochondria
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Golgi Complex Figure 4.26
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Lysosomes Figure 4.22b
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Vacuoles Figure 4.22b
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Mitochondrion Figure 4.27
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Chloroplast Figure 4.28
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Endosymbiotic Theory Figure 10.2
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