1. BIOMATERIAL TECHNOLOGY

2. CONTENT What is biomaterial? Historical development Areas of usage
Biocompatibility
Classification of biomaterials

3. Biomaterials
To carry out / support the functions of living tissues in human body
Natural or synthetic materials
Contact with body fluids (blood, joint liquid and other body fluids) continuously or at certain intervals

4. History of biomaterials
Artificial eye, nose and teeth found in egypt mummies.
Gold teeth were utilized 2000 years ago.
Bronze and copper bone implants were used before christ.
Tush prosthesis were placed in body in 1880.
First metal prosthesis made with vitallium alloy were produced in 1938.
Alumina and zirconium were utilized in 1972.

5. IN THE BEGINNING
While,
Natural materials like wood and rubber tree
Artificial materials like gold and glass
are used as biometerials, trial and error studies were performed.

6. NOWADAYS
The researches place emphasize on the interaction between the tissue and biomaterials
Important differences especially between living and nonliving materials were identified

7. The first successful synthetic implants, bone plates used in the treatment of fractures in the skeleton

8. Medical Uses Biomaterials; - implants - extracorporeal devices .
- pharmaceutical products (used as synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid, enteric coating of tablets, capsules),
- diagnostic kits (blood assay used in the microbiological diagnostic kits)

9. Biotechnological Applications
Support the production of cell technology as a material of cells and cellular products,
Waste water treatment as an adsorbent material,
biosensors,
Biyoayırma transactions,
Enzymes, tissues, cells, and immobilization of bioactive substances and Biochips

10. Obstacles to overcome
Biomaterials, used in the human body with a very variable conditions;
According to the different tissues of body fluids, the pH ranged from 1 to 9
About 4 MPa of the bones, tendons exposed to the stress value of MPa

11. Biocompatibility
Biocompatibility: The ability to respond to the appropriate body system during the application of the material
The most important feature of biomaterial

12. BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS
Biocompatible materials, should not interfere with the normal changes in the surrounding tissues and should adjust, also should not occur adverse tissue reactions (inflammation, clot formation).

13. Wintermantel ve Mayer BIOCOMPATIBLE
Structural Compatible
The optimum fit of the biomaterial body tissues to mechanical behaviours
Surface Compatible
The physical, chemical and biolagical compatance of the biomaterials with body tissues

14. Natural and Synthetic Materials Use in Implant Devices
APPLICATION AREA
MATERIAL TYPE
Skeleton System
Joints
Bone filling material
Artificial tendon and bonds
Dental implants
-Titanium
-Poly(methyl methhacrylate) (PMMA)
-Teflon (polytetrafloraethylene)
-Titanium, Alumina, Calcium phosphate
Cardiovascular System
-Heart valve
-Blood vessel prosthesis
-Stainless Steel, Carbon
- Teflon, Polyurathane
Sense Organs
-Intraocular lens
-Contact lens
PMMA, hydrogels
Silicon acrylate hydrogells

15. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS
Metals
Semiconductor Materials
Ceramics
Polymers
Synthetic BIOMATERIALS
Orthopedic screws/fixation
Dental Implants
Bone replacements
Biosensors
Implantable Microelectrodes
Skin/cartilage
Drug Delivery Devices
Ocular implants

16. METALIC BIOMATERIALS
Crystal structures and strong metallic bonds - orthopedic applications
- the face and jaw surgery
- cardio-vascular surgery
material joint prosthesis and bone renewal
Dental implant
Artificial heart parts, heart valve

17. Types of Metallic Biomaterials
Synthetic;
The first metal developed for use in the human body, “Sherman-Vanadyum Steel”
Natural;
Taken to body from outside or formed during or as a result of metabolism (Synthesis of cobalt in vitamin B12, iron occurs as a function of cell )

18. Corrosion;
The undesired chemical reaction of metals with their surruondings that forms oxygen, hydroxide and other compounds then degradation
Corroding Metal X Biocompatible

19. Metals used as Biomaterials
Steel
Cobalt-containing alloys
Titanium and titanium containing alloys
Dental amalgam (XHg)
Gold
Nickel- titanium alloys

20. Dental Implant Biomaterials; Filling materials, Dental implant
Active in re-creation of tooth tissue factors

21. BIOCERAMICS
Bioceramics; repair the parts of body that injured or lost their function, restructuring or special ceramics are designed to replace ;
- polycrystalline structure ceramic (alumina),
- bioactive glass,
- bioactive glass-ceramics,
- bioactive composites…

22. Using Areas of Bioceramics
Glasses,
Diagnostic devices,
Thermometers,
Tissue culture vessels.
Filling materials,
Gold-porcelain coating,
Prosthetic parts
Health Sector
Dental

23. Advantage of Bioceramics
The resistance to
Microorganisms,
Temparature,
Solvents
pH changes
High pressures is the advantage in health and dental aplications

24. BIOCERAMICS
Bioactive ceramic, that allows the chemical bond formation between tissue and implant
Bioinert ceramic, that doesn’t allow the chemical bond formation between tissue and implant
BIOINERT BIOACTIVE

25. Bioceramics Acoording to Structural Functions
Oxide ceramics, inert structure, polycrystalline ceramics consisting of metal ions in the plane formed by the dissolution of oxygen ions
Alumina (Al2O3) orthopedic applications
Zirconia (ZrO2) femoral prosthese

26. Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH, Tricalcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2
Calcium-phosphate ceramics ; their structure is the form of multiple oxides of calcium and phosphate atoms
Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH,
Tricalcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2
Oktacalcium phosphate CaH(PO4)3.2OH
In medicine and dentistry

27. Glass and glass-ceramics: Silica(SiO2) –based ceramics (Includes Lithium-Aluminum or Magnesium-Aluminum crystals )
Bioglass: Instead of some silica groups, calcium, phosphorus or sodium is present (SiO2, Na2O, CaO, P2O5)

28. The elderly, the bones are very brittle
Bioceramics are used repair or renewal of a hard connective tissue in the skeleton
The elderly, the bones are very brittle
slow-moving cracks,
uncertainties to durability
in different strokes and pressures
The most important reasons for limiting the use of bioceramics,

29. Interaction of bioceramics with tissues
All materials placed on live tissue, takes response from tissue
TISSUE - IMPLANT

30. FEATURES TO BE PROVIDED FOR TISSUE-IMPLANT HARMONY
TISSUE SIDE
IMPLANT SIDE
Tissue Type
Implant composition
Tissue Age
Phase numbers of implants
Interface Mobility
Surface porosity
Interproportions convenience
Interstitial blood circulation
Surface morphology
Interface blood circulation
Chemical reaction

31. MATERIAL
TISSUE
TOXIC
DEAD
Bioinert
NON-TOXIC Bioactive
Soluble
Various thicknesses of fibrous tissue
binding of tissue-implant interface,
Tissue replaces
İmplant place

32. Classification of Bioceramics According to tissue responses
Implant Type
Tissue response
Example
Nonporous, dense and inert ceramics
The formation of very fine fibrous tissue
Alumina, Zirconia
Porous inert ceramics
The tissue growth in pores
Hydroxyapatite
Resorbable ceramics
Absorption
Tricalcium phosphate
Bioactive glasses
Ceramic implants are non-toxic

33. POLYMERIC BIOMATERIALS
Polimer, small, long-chain molecules that are formed by repeated units.
monomer + monomer polymer

34. Polymer chains, are in linear / branched structure
Branched structure, is formed with connection of side brances to the main polymer chain
If these branched sides connect with another main chain, “cross-linked” polymer is formed.

35. Polymers and Using Areas
PMMA (polymethyl metacrilat)
2- hydroxyethylmetacrilat (HEMA)
Polythene (PE)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Intraocular lens and hard contact lenses
Soft contact lens
Artificial hip prostheses
Vascular prostheses
Blood transfusions, dialysis, nutrition

36. NATURAL POLYMERS * Proteins (collagen,gelatin)
Natural polymers, are biologically produced unique functional polymers
* Proteins (collagen,gelatin)
* Polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, hyaluronic acid)
* Polynucleotides (DNA and RNA)

37. USING AREAS Thickener, Constructive Gel, Binding, Deploying Agent,
Lubricant,
Adhesive,
Biomaterials

38. NATURAL POLYMERS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Similar or identical to the biological macromolecules
Structural degradation in the presence of enzyme, (biodegradable)
DISADVANTAGES
Changes in composition depending on the source from which they obtained ,
Decays at high temperatures
Difficulty in shape
Be immunogenic

39. D or L Polylactide lactide
Today,scientists are tendency to produce polymers that can tolerate alloying, blending and reactive ekstrusion .
In the industrial biotechnology field, the lactic acid polymer polyactides (PLA) is usually used.
Biotechnological processes such as fermentation of lactic acid is produced from natural materials , dimerization and purified.
D or L Polylactide
lactide
RING OPENING
POLYMERISATION

40. COMPOSITES
TISSUES
Considering the structural compatibility, metals or seramics are choosing for hard tissue applications, polymers are choosing for soft tissue applications.
HARD SOFT
Bone Blood vessels
Tooth Skin and connective tissue

41. The hardness degree of metals and ceramics defined by “elastic modulus”, times more than hard tissue in the human body
One of the most important problems encountered in orthopedic surgery, the degree of hardness of a metal or ceramic implant bone adaptation to each other

42. Composites are multi-phase materials are composed two or more different chemical composition materials maintainning the boundaries and features.
Matrix
Strengthening
Polymer Glass
Carbon
Polymer fibers
Powder ceramics

43. ADVANTAGES
They can be used in orthopedical applications because they have high resistance and elastic modules.
The changability of composite material composition
Resistant to corrosion
Rare metal fatigue
Metal ion oscillation is not seen
Less fragility

44. Usage Areas
Composites are used as soft tissue implant in orthopedical and dental applications.
Polymer composites are compatible with modern diagnosis systems like magnetic resonance (MRI) and tomography (CT) through they are not magnetic.
Composites are used as structural component in X-ray radiography because they are light and they have superior mechanical features.

45. Usage
Areas Of
Biomaterials

46. BIOSENSORS
Biosensors are analytical devices which have a biological indicator and which is unified with a physicochemical converter.
To measure and transmit the
body temperature.

47. 3 Basic Component
Biomolecule / bioagent
Converter
Electronical

48. Usage Areas Clinical Diagnostic, Medical applications, Bioreactors,
Quality control,
Agriculture and Veterinary,
Drug production,
Industrial water waste audit,
Mining,
Military defending industry.

49. BIOCHIPS
Biohips are defined as microprocessors that can be used biologically.
A biochip can be percieved as ultra-miniature test tubes.
Surface area of a bipchip is not much more than a nail.

50. Usage Areas Genetical area Toxicology Biochemical researches.
Biochip and bacterium

51. The biochip technology which was the scene of exciting developments recently is promising people who have lost sight and hearing senses a bright hope to gain these lost skills again.
implant
Microphone

52. Recent Developments
Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences(PNAS) had produced biomaterials which are supporting live neurons.
It is the first peptit-based material produced at molecular level.
It has no negative effect to our immunity system because it is totally biological.

53. REFERENCES
ejmt.teknolojikarastirmalar.com/sablon.doc

54. Thanks…
Emrah KORKMAZ