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NATION BUILDING
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OBJECTIVES How did the ideology of nationalism evolve between What are the different types of nationalism? Who were the key individuals in the development of the nations of Italy and Germany?
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REAL POLITIK TOUGH MINDED REALISM = Neo Machiavellian = Social order, Strength of the STATE HOW? War and Diplomacy (Power Politics) Harnessed the forces of Liberalism and Nationalism Rejected romanticism and high-minded ideologies MODERN NATION STATE Building, RRoads, Parks – Economic Development
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Italian Unification
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OBSTACLES Metternich Italy “geographic expression”
Political and Geographic Divisions Austria controlled (Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Tuscany, Modena, Naples or Two Sicilies Piedmont-Sardinia (Independent) Papal States (CHURCH) What type of gov’t?
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PROMOTING Nationalism Resented Austrian subjugation
Unity – Greatness – Grandeur of Rome Common Language, History, Traditions, Beliefs, Goals Patriotic Societies Leadership Sardinia-Piedmont – Cavour Real Politik – Politics of Reality, gov’t not guided by ideology, give up on utopian dreams of 1848
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SARDINIA-PIEDMONT King Charles Albert –granted constitution (r ) Victor Emmanuel II (r ) Camillo Count Cavour – appointed Prime Minister ( )
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KEY PLAYERS Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Count Cavour [The “Brain”]
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KEY EVENTS Failed Attempts ( ,1848) Crimean War ( ) Treaty of Plombieres (1858) Austro-Sardinian War (1859) Garibali’s Red Shirts (1860) Austro-Prussian War (1866)
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Guiseppe Mazzini ( ) Speeches, Writings, Secret Societies Carbonari – “charcoal burners” = goal Risorgimento “resurgence” Favored a unified, democratic Italy
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“BRAVE MEN DO NOT WIN THEIR FREEDOM UNASSISTED”
KEY CONCEPT
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CRIMEAN WAR ( ) Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia
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NAPOLEON III Foreign policy = destabilize the peaceful diplomacy established by Congress of Vienna France vs. Russia – Crimean War France vs. Austria – Italian Unification France vs. Prussia – German Unification
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SUEZ CANAL 1860
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CRIMEAN WAR Real Issues – Russia Expansionism (warm water port)
British – Mediterranean = their lake Ottoman Empire – “Sickman of Europe” Cavour – Italian Question? Shattered - Concert of Europe Changed the Balance of Power – severed the ties b/w Russia and Austria
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CRIMEAN WAR International fame Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Pioneer in the modern nursing profession International fame
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ALEXANDER II (r – 1881) Crimean War ( ) turning pt. – backward industrially Potential rebellion “better from above, than below” 1861 – Emancipation of the Serfs Zemstvos – local elected councils Plans Constitution
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CRIMEAN WAR No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefited? Who lost big?
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FELICE ORSINI 1819-1858 Italian nationalist revolutionary
Napoleon III chief obstacle to Italian Independence Attempted Assassination “poor Italy, cannot something be done for her” Napoleon III
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PLOMBIERES 1858 Meeting Cavour – Napoleon III
Cavour would provoke war with Austria France defender against aggressor Austria What’s in it for Napoleon III? What’s in it for Cavour?
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AUSTRO-SARDINIA WAR 1859 Piedmont mobilized
Austria ordered conscription Lombardy, Venetia Many Italians fled to avoid the draft Austria demanded their return – Cavour refused Austria declared War
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TREATY OF VILLAFRANCA Napoleon III (France) / Emperor Franz Joseph (Austria) 1859 France = Nice and Savoy Piedmont = Lombardy not Venetia Cavour resigns “hurt patriot” Uprisings in Modena, Parma, Romagna, and Tuscany King Emmanuel II recalls Cavour Northern Italian states unified EXCEPT Venetia
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GARIBALDI Unification of Southern Italy “Red Shirts” 1,150 men
Conquered Sicily and Naples ruled incompetently by the Bourbons Plebiscite Sicily and Naples joined the Italian Kingdom Symbolic carriage ride through Naples – Garibaldi / Victor Emmanuel II (KING)
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Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour
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AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866 Seven Weeks War, Third War of Independence
Italy allied w/ Prussia Seize Venetia from Austria Decline in Hapsburg power Rise in Prussian hegemony
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PAPAL STATES Pope Pius IX
1870 defeat of Napoleon III (Franco-Prussian War) French troops removed from Rome 1870 Rome voted for union with Italy 1866 Venetia added after the Prussians defeated Austria (Seven Weeks War)
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OUTCOME Papacy hostile prisoner – Vatican (1929)
Liberal Constitutional Monarchy North conquered South – North Industrial – South agricultural Irredenta – “unredeemed” – festered – Mussolini WWI Political corruption, economically and militarily weak
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ITALY TODAY 1948-present - 60 different gov’t
Bi-Cameral Parliamentary System (Senate, Chamber of Deputies) President – Head of State (7 year term) – Giorgio Napolitano (2006) Prime Minister – Silvio Berlusconi (94-95,01-06, 08-11)
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German Unification
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OBSTACLES Northern Germany – Protestant – Industry
Southern Germany – Roman Catholic – Agrarian Fragmented Opposition by Austria Metternich – Carlsbad Decrees Opposition by lesser German States, France
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PROMOTING Common Nationality – German educators, poets, writers, historians, philosophers “Fatherland” Napoleon’s influence – Nationalism against him German Confederation – 38 states (Congress of Vienna) Confederation – weak and ineffective Economic Unity – Zollverein Prussia, North
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PRE-CURSOR MIDDLE AGES Charlemagne (r. 768-814)
Holy Roman Empire ( ) Teutonic Knights – Crusades 1226 – Conquered Prussia (Slavs) Aristocracy – Warrior Class Charles V
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PRE-CURSOR HOHENZOLLERNS Origins – Swabia, Brandenburg 1417
One of the 7 electors of the Holy Roman Emperor 1525 Albrect von Hohenzollern First German Duke of Prussia
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“PRUSSIA WAS NOT A COUNTRY WITH A MILITARY, BUT A MILITARY WITH A COUNTRY” - VOLTAIRE
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PRE-CURSOR HOHENZOLLERN SUCCESSION
Frederick William “Great Elector” ( ) King Frederick I “Soldier King” ( ) Frederick William I ( ) Frederick II “The Great” ( )
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PRE-CURSOR Martin Luther 30 Years’ War
Brandenburg strengthened by France Parts of Alsace ceded to France Enlightenment Immanuel Kant, Bach, Beethoven Absolutism Court Culture, Standing Armies, Louis XIV
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PRE-CURSOR French Revolution – French Occupation
Napoleon – Confederation of the Rhine 1806 Holy Roman Empire Abolished Congress of Vienna 1815 German Confederation Prussia Enlarged Double Population Rhine, Westphalia Valuable Natural Resources
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PRE-CURSOR Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861)
1848 – Promised a Liberal Constitution Prussian Constituent Assembly – Berlin Frankfurt Assembly – liberals – unified German State 1849 – National Assembly – Constitution King Frederick William IV – refused “crown from the gutter” – disband the Constituent Assembly, created a conservative Constitution
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Zollverein 1834 Customs union = eliminate tariff barriers
Uniform tariff against non-members Most German states EXCEPT AUSTRIA Kleindeutsch (small) vs. Grossdeutsch (big)
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Key Players The “Iron Chancellor” Realpolitik “Blood & Iron”
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Otto von Bismarck First Chancellor of Germany 1871-1890 - Realpolitik
Junker, Conservative Monarchal Views Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic policies Administrative reform, central bank, common currency, single code of commercial and civil law Social Security – accident, old age, sickness Master diplomat – alliances, counter-alliances
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Otto von Bismarck “The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.” “I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.” “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.” “Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.”
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Kaiser Wilhelm I King of Prussia (1861-1888) Hohenzollern
Appointed and Supported Bismarck’s policies 1st Emperor of Germany ( )
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Helmut von Moltke “The Elder” 1800-1891 Modern Conscription
Lethality of modern weapons Rail based mobilization Intelligence Blitzkrieg
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THE DANISH WAR 1864 Schleswig-Holstein Question Controlled by Denmark
German Speaking inhabitants Prussian / Austrian armies invade Led to the Austro-Prussian War
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THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR
1866 Seven Weeks War Bismarck provoked a quarrel over administrative control of Schleswig-Holstein Peace of Prague – Austria withdrew from German affairs Prussia conquered and unified the northern states = North German Confederation
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FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR Bismarck = Nationalism, Patriotism to unite North and South = Common Enemy Ems Telegram “Germany’s Future”
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EMS TELEGRAM 1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
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Paul Hadol
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THE TREATY OF FRANKFURT
Jan. 18, 1871 Harsh treatment of France Germany receives Alsace-Lorraine (French Speaking) rich in iron, coal French pay indemnity – 5 billion francs – occupation of German troops Wilhelm I crowned German Emperor Palace of Versailles Napoleon III abdicates ends Second Empire – Third Republic
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German Imperial Flag
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Kaiser Wilhelm II (r ) Last Hohenzollern, Emperor, Kaiser of Germany Overtly Militaristic Dismissed Otto von Bismarck 1890 “a place in the sun” Weltpolitik
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“The dropping of the Pilot”
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GOVERNMENT Constitution President: King of Prussia Chancellor
Bundesrat – upper house Reichstag – lower house Lower house – universal male suffrage
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OUTCOME France deep seeded revenge
German Empire – built on military victory France deep seeded revenge Napoleon III overthrown – Third Republic Italy gained Papal States Venetia Bismarck – passive foreign policy, banned Socialist party yet enacted social legislation, long-term alliance with Austria Austria weakened = Hungarians
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GERMANY TODAY Federal Republic 16 States Head of Government – Chancellor – Angela Merkel (2005) – 4 year term Christian Democratic Union Bicameral Legislature (Bundesrat or Federal Council – Bundestag or Federal Assembly)
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Austrian Imperial Flag
Hapsburgs HRE –
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HABSBURGS Anglican – Hapsburg Duchy of Swabia – (Switzerland) HRE
10th – 20th centuries Rulers of Germany, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, HRE “Let others wage war, but you, happy Austria, shall marry”
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Emperor Franz Josef I r. 1848-1916]
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The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
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Nationalism in the Austrian Empire
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