1. NATION
BUILDING

2. OBJECTIVES
How did the ideology of nationalism evolve between
What are the different types of nationalism?
Who were the key individuals in the development of the nations of Italy and Germany?

3. REAL POLITIK
TOUGH MINDED REALISM = Neo Machiavellian = Social order, Strength of the STATE
HOW? War and Diplomacy (Power Politics)
Harnessed the forces of Liberalism and Nationalism
Rejected romanticism and high-minded ideologies
MODERN NATION STATE
Building, RRoads, Parks – Economic Development

4. Italian
Unification

5. OBSTACLES Metternich Italy “geographic expression”
Political and Geographic Divisions
Austria controlled (Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Tuscany, Modena, Naples or Two Sicilies
Piedmont-Sardinia (Independent)
Papal States (CHURCH)
What type of gov’t?

6. PROMOTING Nationalism Resented Austrian subjugation
Unity – Greatness – Grandeur of Rome
Common Language, History, Traditions, Beliefs, Goals
Patriotic Societies
Leadership Sardinia-Piedmont – Cavour
Real Politik – Politics of Reality, gov’t not guided by ideology, give up on utopian dreams of 1848

7. SARDINIA-PIEDMONT
King Charles Albert –granted constitution (r )
Victor Emmanuel II (r )
Camillo Count Cavour – appointed Prime Minister ( )

8. KEY PLAYERS Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II
Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]
Count Cavour [The “Brain”]

9. KEY EVENTS
Failed Attempts ( ,1848)
Crimean War ( )
Treaty of Plombieres (1858)
Austro-Sardinian War (1859)
Garibali’s Red Shirts (1860)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)

10.
Guiseppe Mazzini ( )
Speeches, Writings, Secret Societies
Carbonari – “charcoal burners” = goal Risorgimento “resurgence”
Favored a unified, democratic Italy

11. “BRAVE MEN DO NOT WIN THEIR FREEDOM UNASSISTED”
KEY CONCEPT

12. CRIMEAN WAR
( )
Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire]
Ottoman Empire
Great Britain
France
Piedmont-Sardinia

13. NAPOLEON III
Foreign policy = destabilize the peaceful diplomacy established by Congress of Vienna
France vs. Russia – Crimean War
France vs. Austria – Italian Unification
France vs. Prussia – German Unification

15. SUEZ CANAL
1860

17. CRIMEAN WAR Real Issues – Russia Expansionism (warm water port)
British – Mediterranean = their lake
Ottoman Empire – “Sickman of Europe”
Cavour – Italian Question?
Shattered - Concert of Europe
Changed the Balance of Power – severed the ties b/w Russia and Austria

18. CRIMEAN WAR International fame Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Pioneer in the modern nursing profession
International fame

19. ALEXANDER II
(r – 1881)
Crimean War ( ) turning pt. – backward industrially
Potential rebellion
“better from above, than below”
1861 – Emancipation of the Serfs
Zemstvos – local elected councils
Plans Constitution

20. CRIMEAN WAR No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.
All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.
Who benefited?
Who lost big?

21. FELICE ORSINI 1819-1858 Italian nationalist revolutionary
Napoleon III chief obstacle to Italian Independence
Attempted Assassination
“poor Italy, cannot something be done for her”
Napoleon III

22. PLOMBIERES 1858 Meeting Cavour – Napoleon III
Cavour would provoke war with Austria
France defender against aggressor Austria
What’s in it for Napoleon III?
What’s in it for Cavour?

23. AUSTRO-SARDINIA WAR 1859 Piedmont mobilized
Austria ordered conscription Lombardy, Venetia
Many Italians fled to avoid the draft
Austria demanded their return – Cavour refused
Austria declared War

24. TREATY OF VILLAFRANCA
Napoleon III (France) / Emperor Franz Joseph (Austria) 1859
France = Nice and Savoy
Piedmont = Lombardy not Venetia
Cavour resigns “hurt patriot”
Uprisings in Modena, Parma, Romagna, and Tuscany
King Emmanuel II recalls Cavour
Northern Italian states unified EXCEPT Venetia

25. GARIBALDI Unification of Southern Italy “Red Shirts” 1,150 men
Conquered Sicily and Naples ruled incompetently by the Bourbons
Plebiscite Sicily and Naples joined the Italian Kingdom
Symbolic carriage ride through Naples – Garibaldi / Victor Emmanuel II (KING)

26. Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unites with Cavour

28. AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866 Seven Weeks War, Third War of Independence
Italy allied w/ Prussia
Seize Venetia from Austria
Decline in Hapsburg power
Rise in Prussian hegemony

29. PAPAL STATES Pope Pius IX
1870 defeat of Napoleon III (Franco-Prussian War) French troops removed from Rome
1870 Rome voted for union with Italy
1866 Venetia added after the Prussians defeated Austria (Seven Weeks War)

31. OUTCOME Papacy hostile prisoner – Vatican (1929)
Liberal Constitutional Monarchy
North conquered South – North Industrial – South agricultural
Irredenta – “unredeemed” – festered – Mussolini WWI
Political corruption, economically and militarily weak

32. ITALY TODAY 1948-present - 60 different gov’t
Bi-Cameral Parliamentary System (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)
President – Head of State (7 year term) – Giorgio Napolitano (2006)
Prime Minister – Silvio Berlusconi (94-95,01-06, 08-11)

33. German
Unification

34. OBSTACLES Northern Germany – Protestant – Industry
Southern Germany – Roman Catholic – Agrarian
Fragmented
Opposition by Austria Metternich – Carlsbad Decrees
Opposition by lesser German States, France

35. PROMOTING
Common Nationality – German educators, poets, writers, historians, philosophers “Fatherland”
Napoleon’s influence – Nationalism against him
German Confederation – 38 states (Congress of Vienna)
Confederation – weak and ineffective
Economic Unity – Zollverein Prussia, North

36. PRE-CURSOR MIDDLE AGES Charlemagne (r. 768-814)
Holy Roman Empire ( )
Teutonic Knights – Crusades
1226 – Conquered Prussia (Slavs)
Aristocracy – Warrior Class
Charles V

37. PRE-CURSOR HOHENZOLLERNS Origins – Swabia, Brandenburg 1417
One of the 7 electors of the Holy Roman Emperor
1525 Albrect von Hohenzollern
First German Duke of Prussia

38. “PRUSSIA WAS NOT A COUNTRY WITH A MILITARY, BUT A MILITARY WITH A COUNTRY” - VOLTAIRE

39. PRE-CURSOR HOHENZOLLERN SUCCESSION
Frederick William “Great Elector” ( )
King Frederick I “Soldier King” ( )
Frederick William I ( )
Frederick II “The Great” ( )

40. PRE-CURSOR Martin Luther 30 Years’ War
Brandenburg strengthened by France
Parts of Alsace ceded to France
Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant, Bach, Beethoven
Absolutism
Court Culture, Standing Armies, Louis XIV

41. PRE-CURSOR French Revolution – French Occupation
Napoleon – Confederation of the Rhine 1806
Holy Roman Empire Abolished
Congress of Vienna 1815
German Confederation
Prussia Enlarged
Double Population
Rhine, Westphalia
Valuable Natural Resources

43. PRE-CURSOR Frederick William IV (r. 1840-1861)
1848 – Promised a Liberal Constitution
Prussian Constituent Assembly – Berlin
Frankfurt Assembly – liberals – unified German State
1849 – National Assembly – Constitution
King Frederick William IV – refused “crown from the gutter” – disband the Constituent Assembly, created a conservative Constitution

44. Zollverein 1834 Customs union = eliminate tariff barriers
Uniform tariff against non-members
Most German states EXCEPT AUSTRIA
Kleindeutsch (small) vs. Grossdeutsch (big)

45. Key Players
The “Iron Chancellor”
Realpolitik
“Blood & Iron”

46. Otto von Bismarck First Chancellor of Germany 1871-1890 - Realpolitik
Junker, Conservative Monarchal Views
Kulturkampf – anti-Catholic policies
Administrative reform, central bank, common currency, single code of commercial and civil law
Social Security – accident, old age, sickness
Master diplomat – alliances, counter-alliances

47. Otto von Bismarck
“The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.”
“I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.”
“The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.”
“Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.”

48. Kaiser Wilhelm I King of Prussia (1861-1888) Hohenzollern
Appointed and Supported Bismarck’s policies
1st Emperor of Germany ( )

49. Helmut von Moltke “The Elder” 1800-1891 Modern Conscription
Lethality of modern weapons
Rail based mobilization
Intelligence
Blitzkrieg

50. THE DANISH WAR 1864 Schleswig-Holstein Question Controlled by Denmark
German Speaking inhabitants
Prussian / Austrian armies invade
Led to the Austro-Prussian War

51. THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR
1866
Seven Weeks War
Bismarck provoked a quarrel over administrative control of Schleswig-Holstein
Peace of Prague – Austria withdrew from German affairs
Prussia conquered and unified the northern states = North German Confederation

52. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
Bismarck = Nationalism, Patriotism to unite North and South = Common Enemy
Ems Telegram
“Germany’s Future”

53. EMS TELEGRAM 1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wanted [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

55.
Paul Hadol

57. THE TREATY OF FRANKFURT
Jan. 18, 1871
Harsh treatment of France
Germany receives Alsace-Lorraine (French Speaking) rich in iron, coal
French pay indemnity – 5 billion francs – occupation of German troops
Wilhelm I crowned German Emperor Palace of Versailles
Napoleon III abdicates ends Second Empire – Third Republic

60. German Imperial Flag

61. Kaiser Wilhelm II
(r )
Last Hohenzollern, Emperor, Kaiser of Germany
Overtly Militaristic
Dismissed Otto von Bismarck 1890
“a place in the sun”
Weltpolitik

62. “The dropping of the Pilot”

63. GOVERNMENT Constitution President: King of Prussia Chancellor
Bundesrat – upper house
Reichstag – lower house
Lower house – universal male suffrage

64. OUTCOME France deep seeded revenge
German Empire – built on military victory
France deep seeded revenge
Napoleon III overthrown – Third Republic
Italy gained Papal States Venetia
Bismarck – passive foreign policy, banned Socialist party yet enacted social legislation, long-term alliance with Austria
Austria weakened = Hungarians

65. GERMANY TODAY
Federal Republic
16 States
Head of Government – Chancellor – Angela Merkel (2005) – 4 year term
Christian Democratic Union
Bicameral Legislature (Bundesrat or Federal Council – Bundestag or Federal Assembly)

67. Austrian Imperial Flag
Hapsburgs
HRE –

68. HABSBURGS Anglican – Hapsburg Duchy of Swabia – (Switzerland) HRE
10th – 20th centuries
Rulers of Germany, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, HRE
“Let others wage war, but you, happy Austria, shall marry”

69. Emperor Franz Josef I r. 1848-1916]

70. The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary
The Hungarian Flag

71. Nationalism in the Austrian Empire