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How Populations Evolve

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Presentation on theme: "How Populations Evolve"— Presentation transcript:

1 How Populations Evolve
Chapter 13

2 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
Biology came of age on November 24, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, an assemblage of facts about the natural world.

3 Lamarck's idea

4 Darwin’s 5 Year Voyage Figure 13.3 HMS Beagle Darwin in 1840
Great Britain Asia Europe North America ATLANTIC OCEAN Africa Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta South America Equator Genovesa Marchena Equator Santiago Daphne Islands Australia Pinzón Fernandina Cape of Good Hope Isabela Santa Cruz PACIFIC OCEAN Santa Fe San Cristobal 40 km Florenza Española Cape Horn Tasmania 40 miles Tierra del Fuego New Zealand Figure 13.3

5 Darwin’s observations
Geographic proximity is a better predictor of relationships among organisms than similarity of environment. Example: the plants and animals living in temperate regions of South America more closely resembled species living in tropical regions of that continent than species living in similarly temperate regions of Europe.

6 Galapagos islands Relatively new volcanic islands
Different islands have different ecosystems Some islands = harsher, more desert-like Other islands = more lush and abundant with vegetation Different habitats required different adaptations for animals to thrive in them (a) Domed shell (b) Saddleback shell

7 Darwin’s unexpected patterns
Divergence from original population Same species with different traits or 13 different species? Large ground finch Warbler finch Woodpecker finch

8 Darwin’s unexpected patterns
Fossil Evidence Similarity between fossils of extinct & extant species occurred at every location Glyptodont Hairy Armadillo

9 Evidence of Evolution Evolution leaves observable signs
Five of the many lines of evidence in support of evolution: the fossil record biogeography comparative anatomy comparative embryology molecular biology

10 Fossil evidence

11 Biogeographical evidence
Common ringtail possum Australia Koala Common wombat Red kangaroo

12 Anatomical evidence Human Cat Whale Bat

13 Evidence in embryos Homologous structures Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal
tail Chicken embryo Human embryo Homologous structures

14 Evidence in molecular biology
Percent of selected DNA sequences that match a chimpanzee’s DNA Primate Evidence in molecular biology 92% 96% 100% Chimpanzee Human Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon Old World monkey

15 resistance to pesticide
Figure 13.13 Pesticide application Chromosome with allele conferring resistance to pesticide Survivors Reproduction

16 Figure 13.25 Frequency of individuals Original population Phenotypes (fur color)) Original population Evolved population (a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection (c) Stabilizing selection

17 Discussion Natural selection is the same things as evolution.
Why is this true or false? Why do homologies suggest a common ancestor? When measuring evolution, why do we analyze gene pools instead of the genes of an individual?

18 Review videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC8k2Sb1oQ8

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