1. European Exploration

2. A Changing World
Several different factors influenced exploration of the new world:
The Growth of Trade: Merchants could make a fortune trading goods from Asia.
The Growth of ideas: Scholars wanted to learn more about different people around the world.
The Renaissance: A period of intellectual and artistic creativity that made people want to learn more.

3. Powerful Nations Emerge
During the 1400s, the population of Europe increased.
Merchants and bankers wanted to expand their businesses
Explorers began to look for an alternative path to the overland route to the Middle East

4. Technology Improves: Maps
Early maps were inaccurate because they were hand drawn based on mistaken impressions
Better instruments were used for navigating the seas.
Sailors used an astrolabe, which measured the position of stars.
Europeans also acquired the magnetic compass, which was invented in China.

5. Technology improves: Better ships
Advances in ship building allowed explorers to cross oceans.
The stern rudder and the triangular sail made it possible for ships to sail into the wind.
In the late 1400s, the Portuguese developed the caravel, which had three masts. It sailed faster than earlier ships and carried more cargo and food supplies.

6. Seeking New Trade Routes
The maps that Columbus and the first European explorers used did not include America.
They showed three continents- Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Portugal took the lead in exploring boundaries of the known world.

7. Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator
Fascinated by what lay beyond the known boundaries for the world
Set up a center for exploration in Portugal
He brought astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians to share their knowledge
Sailors from his school moved south along the West Coast of Africa, where they established trading posts

8. Portugal: Bartholomeu Dias
In 1487, the king sent Bartholomeu Dias to explore the southernmost part of Africa
He ran into storms that carried him off course and around the Southern Tip of Africa.
Upon learning of Dias’s discovery, King John II renamed this southern tip of lad the Cape of Good Hope

9. Portugal: vasco DA gama
The first Portuguese voyages to India were made years later.
Vasco Da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and visited cities around the East coast of Africa.
He made it all the way to India in 1498

10. The Spanish: Vasco Nunez De Balboa
Conquistador who was the first European to see the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean.
He hiked through the jungle in what is now Panama.
Claimed all of the lands that touched the ocean for Spain.

11. The Spanish: hernando Cortez
Sailed to America to seek his fortune.
He became a wealthy landowner in Cuba, but wanted more.
He was picked to lead the expedition to Mexico
He defeated the Aztecs, took over their capital city, and used the Natives to mine gold (which he sent back to Spain).

12. The Spanish: Francisco Coronado
Traveled throughout Mexico, into what is today Arizona and New Mexico.
He searched for “gold cities” but was unsuccessful.
He is credited for discovering the Grand Canyon

13. The Spanish: Francisco Pizzaro
Led an expedition of 180 men into Peru.
Fought against the Inca Empire and killed thousands.
Pizzaro took control of the Inca territory, which became Peru.

14. The Spanish: Hernando De Soto
Traveled into Florida in hopes of finding gold.
He traveled North through Georgia, and into the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina.
He did not find any gold, but severely mistreated Native Americans (they made fun of him in the “booger dance”)
He eventually discovered the Mississippi River.

15. The Italians: Christopher Columbus
Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed for SPAIN.
He took four separate voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, taking specimen of plants, animals, and people back to Spain.

16. The Italians: Amerigo Vespucci
An Italian explorer who set out to find a water route to Asia.
He realized that the land he saw was not Asia, but was a New World
A German mapmaker was so impressed by Vespucci’s account of the lands, that he named the continent “America”

17. The Italians: John Cabot
One of the first explorers to chart a northern route across the Atlantic Ocean in search of Asia.
He crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed in what is now Newfoundland, Canada.
He claimed the land for England.

18. The French: Jaques Cartier
Sailed the St. Lawrence River in to what is today Montreal.
He was blocked by rapids, which ended his hopes of finding the Northwest Passage.

19. The French: Giovanni Da Verrazano
Set sail in order to find the Northwest Passage.
He explored the coastline of North America, but there was no passage to be found.