1. Conventional Energy Sources
APES

2. Why do we need energy? Transportation Heating homes Cooking
Power machinery used for agriculture, industry/business, homes

3. Some terminology… Work- application of force thru a distance.
Energy- capacity to do work
Power- rate of flow of energy or rate at which work is done.
OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Includes: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela
13 countries that hold about 78% world oil reserves

4. Energy Sources Primary Energy sources- Secondary Energy sources-
Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal)
Nuclear energy
Falling water, geothermal, solar
Secondary Energy sources-
Sources derived from a primary source like…
Electricity
Gasoline
Alcohol fuels (gasohol)

5. A few facts… One barrel holds 42 gallons of oil.
About 20 gallons of gasoline can be made from one barrel of oil (through fractional distillation.)
On average, each person uses 25 barrels of oil each year for their energy “needs”.
The U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve stores 570 million barrels of oil in underground salt caverns along Gulf coast. This is about a 60 day supplies worth.
We import 60% of our oil from Canada & unstable countries- by 2020 we will be importing 70%

6. Thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics tell 2 things about converting heat energy from steam to work…
Conversion of heat to work is not 100% efficient because a portion of the heat is wasted
Efficiency of converting heat to work increases as the heat temperature increases.

7. History of Energy Usage
Fire
Muscle power from animals
Wind & water usage
Steam engines powered by wood fires
Steam engines powered by coal
Now we use oil more because it is easier to ship, store & burn.
Oil use peaked in 1979, so did prices thanks to Arab oil embargo & Iranian revolution.
1980’s began pursuing renewable energies but then oil prices fell and we went back to oil.
In 2000, OPEC decreased production and prices went up to $30 per barrel
Now oil costs $90-$100 per barrel

8. World Energy Use

9. U.S. Energy Use

10. The U.S. has 1/20th (5%) of the world’s population (300 million people) but we consume 24% of the world’s energy
85% from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)
8% from nuclear power
7% from renewable resources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, and biomass).

11. How is energy used in the U.S.?
38% used for industry
1/4th used in mining, smelting of metals
Chemicals- some used in energy generation & some is raw material for making of plastic, solvents, lubricants
Foods (oil used in making pesticides, to run farm equipment, & in processing of foods), paper, tile, cement, glass production
36% is used for residential or commercial buildings
Space heating, air conditioning, lighting, water heating, small electrics
Could an office generate enuf heat from copiers, computers, lights, etc so they don’t need to heat?
26% is used for transportation
98% of this energy comes from petroleum (oil) refined into liquid fuels (gasoline)
2% of this energy comes from natural gas and electricity.

12. How is energy lost?
About ½ of all primary energy is lost when converted to more useful forms
Coal
66% is lost to thermal conversion when energy in coal is converted to electricity.
10% is lost when transmitted to you at home.
Oil
75% lost during distillation, transportation, storage, combustion in vehicles
Natural Gas
10% lost in shipping & processing
Most efficient and least polluting (has more H than C so produces less CO2 when burned so contributes less to global warming.)

13. Net Energy Production Takes energy to get energy
Net Energy Production is the total amount of energy available from an energy source MINUS the energy needed to find, extract, process, and get that energy to consumers.
EX: You extract 10 units of oil from the ground. 8 units are used or wasted to find, extract, process, and transport the oil to users. Only 2 units of useful energy are available for use.

14. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

15. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Non-renewable
At projected consumption rates, natural gas & petroleum will be depleted by the end of the 21st century
Impurities are major source of pollution
SO2 travels on air currents & falls with precip. as acid rain
Mercury bio-accumulates & biomagnifies thru ecosystems when it travels on air currents and fall as particulate dust or with precipitation elsewhere.
Burning fossil fuels produces large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global climate change
Makes us rely on other countries for our energy needs. Makes us vulnerable.

16. TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS 1. Liquid Hydrocarbons- Petroleum (oil) 2. Coal
3. Natural Gas

17. 1. OIL Liquid mixture of hydrocarbons with S, O, N impurities
Impurities can create SO2 and NOx air pollution
Impurities increase efficiency of fuel
Formed from remains of plankton, plants, animals in shallow seas millions of years ago.
May be pumped up or may be under pressure
Important producers: OPEC, Alaska, Siberia, Mexico
Biggest users: United States, China, Japan (none of these have large domestic supplies)

19. Oil in U.S. We have 2.3% of world reserves
Found mostly off Gulf coast, Alaska’s North Slope,
uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% of what we use is for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.

20. Oil controlled by OPEC
78% of world’s crude oil reserves controlled by OPEC
They have control over supplies and prices.
Saudi Arabia and Venezuela control the largest shares.
Makes us dependent on unstable countries.

21. When will oil production peak?
Within next 5-38 years
Has already peaked in US, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Indonesia, and some OPEC countries
Not reached peak- Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Kuwait, Bolivia
When peaks are reached and decline begins, cheap oil will become expensive & competition will increase.
More energy needed for finding & extracting smaller pockets of oil- decreasing its net energy yield

22. What could happen when oil prices rise?
Price food increases (oil used to make pesticides, run farm equipment)
Price of plastic & asphalt increases
People may eat lower on food chain
Food production may become more localized
More land used to make biomass crops (like corn, soybean, sugarcane) for biofuels. Competes with food producers increasing food prices
No more cheap airfare
People may move into cities and abandon commuting, leaves suburban areas with abandoned shopping centers, homes, etc. (Alarmist)

23. Oil Life Cycle
Find oil- use satellites, “geologic ultrasound”, core samples to find oil
Extraction via pumps
Sent to refinery via oil tankers, pipes
Refined into petrochemicals which are turned into a variety of materials

25. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

26. Oil
Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals
How Oil Refining Works
by Craig C.
Freudenrich, Ph.D.

27. Fractional Distillation
Process that turns oil into different petrochemicals
By heating oil, different hydrocarbon chains vaporize, are collected, condensed, then removed to be used in various products
Longer chains = higher boiling points

29. Downside of Refineries
Decreases net energy yield
Currently refining accounts for 8% of all US energy consumption
Refineries are along Gulf coast- prone to hurricanes

30. Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming.
Comparison of CO2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

32. 2. Oil Sands & Oil Shale
Oil sand (tar sand) mixture of clay, sand, water, and bitumen- thick, sticky, heavy oil with high sulfur content
Dug up with giant electric shovels, mixed with hot water & steam to extract bitumen, sent to refinery
Large areas in Canada has ¾ of world’s oil sand reserves
Now Canada comes in 2nd behind Saudi Arabia for oil reserves

33. 2. Oil Sands & Oil Shale Oil shale- oil locked up in rocks
Crush rock, heat, extract kerogen, turn into crude oil, sent to refinery
Found mostly in western US (WY, UT, CO)
Bureau of Land Management says there’s enuf to meet current US demand for 110 years.
Such a low grade takes lots of energy, water, & money to mine & convert to crude oil

34. Pros and Cons of Oil sands & shale
Advantages
Disadvantages
Moderate cost (oil sand)
Large potential supply esp. oil sands in Canada
Easily transported
Efficient distribution system
Technology is well developed
High cost (oil shale)
Low net energy yield- takes large amounts of energy to make it.
Large amounts of water needed for processing
Severe water pollution and air pollution
Severed land disruption
CO2 emissions when burned

35. 3. NATURAL GAS Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

36. Natural Gas and World Production
Russia Kazakhstan- 40% of world’s supply
90-95% of natural gas used in US is domestic.

37. Natural Gas
Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

38. Hydraulic Fracturing “Fracking”
Water, sand & chemicals are forced thru drilled hole, crack shale, force natural gas up to be collected
Chemicals find there way into water supplies, poisoning people, livestock, and soil. (20-40% of fracking chemicals stay underground.
Halliburton Loophole- placed in the 2005 Energy Bill created by former vice president Dick Cheney (once a Halliburton vice president) says natural gas companies that use fracking are exempt from Safe Drinking Water Act.

39. Natural Gas
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been supercooled to a liquid state.
LNG can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships from Russia, Iran, Qatar to Japan (49%), European Union (24%), S. Korea (15%), and US (8%)
US wants to become largest importer of LNG by 2025
Currently have 4 receiving terminals in US- want 10 more.
Extremely explosive & very dangerous- some US states want to block coastal receiving terminals or at least put them far off shore and pipe it in.

41. 4. Coal
Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it.
Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat
Over many years, thick peat layers formed.
Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.

43. Ranks of Coal
Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Higher smoke and pollution. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb.
Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb.
Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb.
Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Least smoke & pollution. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb.
Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

44. Main Coal Deposits Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite Anthracite

45. Advantages and Disadvantages
Pros
Most abundant fossil fuel ( years left)
Major U.S. reserves
Low cost
High net energy yield
Have reduced air pollution problems with better technology
Cons
Cheap & plentiful
Dirtiest fuel- releases tons of SO2, CO2, NOx and mercury
Air & water pollution
Major environmental degradation in mining & acid rain
High land use
Major threat to health
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

47. Synthetic Fuels (Synfuels)
Coal gasification ® Synthetic natural gas (SNG) or Syngas (made up of CO and H2)
Coal liquefaction ® coal ® Liquid fuels (oil) ® gasoline
Disadvantage
Costly
High environmental impact
Releases lots of CO2 that can be removed but very costly to do so
Low net energy yield

48. Using coal to make electricity
Coal sent down conveyor belts
Pulverized to fine powder
Blown into boiler
Boiler heats water, creates steam
Steam forced over turbine- giant blades/fan
Turbine turns generator, creates electricity
Electricity goes to transformer which sends to your home thu powerlines
Heated water condensed,cooled and recycled back to water source (river or cooling towers)
Toxic ash (Hg, Pb, As) from smokestack and boiler slag (toxic sludge on bottom of boiler) must be disposed- not considered a hazardous waste by EPA
Below is Plant Bowen in Euharlee near Cartersville

49. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Fly Ash Sludge Spill 2008
Dec. 22, 2008 a dike around a holding pond at TVA’s Kingston Coal-fired power plant failed and released 5.4 million cubic yards of toxic coal ash sludge.
This is twice the amount of oil spilled by Exxon Valdez in 1989.
Destroyed 12 homes, derailed a train and contaminated Tennessee River with heavy metals
Covered 300 acres of land
Will take millions of dollars and many years to clean up.
News Coverage of Sludge Spill

50. Sulfur in Coal
When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO2 - serious pollutant)
How is sulfur removed before burning?
Coal washing- combine crushed coal with liquids that allow toxins to separate & settle before burning
Wet Scrubbers- spray flue gases in smokestack with limestone or CaOH to remove SO2 before leaving stack
Creates synthetic gypsum which can be used to make drywall
Electrostatic Precipitators- use static electricity to remove particulates from smoke
Not all coal fired power plants have these abilities- some still in violation of Clean Air Act- sometimes cheaper to pay fines than retrofit equipment.

51. Effects of Sulfur Pollution
Sulfur combines with water in atmosphere to create sulfuric acid- acid rain
Falls as fine particulate pollution- dry deposition
Increased sulfur oxide aerosols absorb incoming UV radiation thereby cooling the atmosphere
Sulfur oxide aerosols can irritate mucous membrane linings in respiratory system

52. Effects on Ecosystems
Acid rain leaches metals (Al, Cu) out of soil, settles on fish gills, excess mucus production causes suffocation.
Leaches out soil nutrients
Acid water kills eggs, larvae, fry (baby fish), and some adult fish
Changes in pH can make some chemicals more toxic- kills trees or aquatic life (synergistic effects)
Decreases health of plants- more susceptible to disease
As animals die from pH changes, other more hardy animals will fill those new niches
Upsets food web when sensitive species die.
If regional- climate changes due to cooling from sulfur pollution
Changes in crops
Changes in vegetation which leads to changes in fauna distribution
Changes in precipitation patterns
1816 Year w/out Summer thanks to Mt. Tambora