1. Some of you have started ignoring this…
If define:
Define
Give example
Explain why it is an example without repeating
If verb is identify only:
Identify
Explain/add depth (NOT repeat)
If identify and explain/discuss/describe:
Identify
Explain/add depth (NOT repeat)
Give and explain example OR provide further detailed explanation
If verb is explain/describe/discuss only:
Treat as identify and explain
If give example:
Provide example
Explain why it is an example

2. Human Geo I know I look good today.
Take out your graphic dictionary (first 8 words) and your chocolate article.
Let’s talk about the chocolate.

3. Rostow’s Stages of Development vs. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

5. Warm Up!
What is the primary sector of production? Secondary? Tertiary?
What is Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory?
How are transportation costs determined in Weber’s Least Cost theory?

6. First Stage—Traditional Economy
Economy based mainly on primary activities
Per capita income very low
Rarely hear about new technology
Small scale production
Largely subsistence based economy
Very little connection to NIDL
Ex.—Afghanistan, Mongola

7. Second Stage—Preconditions for Takeoff
Commercialization of agriculture—turning agriculture into a business
Exploiting raw materials for larger profits
Become connected to NIDL (exporting raw materials)
Investment in infrastructure begins (roads, electrification)
Ex.--Colombia

8. Third Stage—Take Off
Lots of foreign direct investment comes (FDI) in (money from foreign countries)
Country gets outsourced jobs
High or low income?
Country begins industrialization
Country still largely agricultural, but becomes more urbanized
Ex.—Mexico
Others?

10. Fourth Stage—Drive to Maturity
Technology diffuses throughout the country
Way fewer people in traditional economy, increase in manufacturing
Increase in education
Increased in skilled labor, better jobs
Ex—Chile, Malaysia

11. Fifth Stage—Mass Consumption
Finally, high per capita income
Leads to mass consumption-people buying lots of goods
Service based economies
Education and skill levels very high
Ex.--USA

13. Review—Which level, AND why?
Mexico (think of maquiladoras)
United States
Yemen—Very poor country, almost no development
Costa Rica—Large coffee and banana plantations
Chile—One of the richest countries in South America, almost no traditional economies
Qatar—Highest GDP per capita in the world
India—Think of call centers
Afghanistan—Most of population involved in nomadic herding and subsistence agriculture
Kenya—Exports wheat, coffee, and oil
Malaysia—Mechanized agriculture and increasing service economy

14. How is Rostow different from Wallerstein?

15. Rostow vs. Wallerstein
Rostow—National perspective--Specific countries progress through these stages as they develop (capitalism good)
Foreign Direct Investment—good to allow countries to industrialize
Outsourcing, low wage manufacturing
Wallerstein— Global perspective--Core countries continually exploit periphery countries, periphery countries are not improving (communism good)

16. Review!
How does your level of development in Rostow’s stages of modernity affect your role in the New International Division of Labor?
Which theory do you support: Rastow’s Modernity strategy or Wallerstein’s World Systems theory? Why?

17. Addressing the Development Gap
Economists are concerned with the gap between core and periphery countries
North-South Gap—Most core countries in Northern hemisphere, periphery countries in Southern Hemisphere
The gap is widening in many places
What LDC’s want to do
Industrialize to create per capita GDP growth
Use that GDP growth to improve social and economic conditions
What role should the government play in LDC’s to reach these goals?

18. 3 Strategies International trade/free trade strategy
Countries reduce trade barriers, like tariffs, to increase trade with other countries
Encourage footloose industries, export processing zones
Free-trade zones—Areas with special tax breaks for businesses, less labor and environmental laws
Favor the Rostow approach to development
Examples: China (kinda), India, NAFTA, EU, TPP, etc.

19. 3 strategies Marxist/self sufficiency strategy
Transnational/multinational corporations from core countries will only exploit us
Use protectionist policies, like tariffs, to promote domestic industries, and keep foreign industries out
Want to develop on their own
Ex.—USSR, China until 1970’s, Cuba, North Korea

20. 3 strategies Developmental state strategy Mixed economy!
Government involvement in the economy as well as private industry
Government focuses and provides capital (money) to invest in specific industries to develop based on comparative advantage
Been successful for many countries, like…

21. Asian Tigers! Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong
Governments invested in finance and tech manufacturing industries, and saw rapid GDP growth
Now advanced countries!