1. Economic Development and Industry

2. MDC vs. LDC How do we measure development? MDC – high urbanization, industrialization, high std of living LDC – agriculture!!!, lower std of living, challenges???? GNP – total value of all goods/services produced within a year Social indicators Core vs. Periphery

3. Development theories Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: World economy has one market and a global division of labor Multiple states in the world, but almost everything takes place in context of WORLD economy World economy has three tier structure: core, periphery, semi-periphery Structuralist (Dependency model) Growth of core is only possible b/c of underdevelopment of periphery Wallerstein Liberalist (Modernization model) All countries are on the same path, passing through developmental stages Rostow

4. Rostow’s Model of Economic Development 1. Traditional 2. Preconditions to takeoff 3. Take off 4. Drive to maturity 5. High mass consumption Weaknesses: exhaustion of resources, dependence on MDC markets, population growth/lack of, market stagnation, high mass consumption for everyone???? Developmentalism vs. Sustainable development

5. Human Development Index Economic – GDP/capita Social – Literacy rate/amount of education Demographic – Life expectancy International Organization that promote economic development: UN, World Bank, IMF, NGOs

6. Types of Industry Primary – extraction/agriculture/mining/fishing Secondary – manufacturing Tertiary – service, distribution of goods/service/information Quaternary – service, information processing and finance Quinary – service, decision-making, research/development, higher education

7. Economic geography Specialization of places Comparative advantage Transportation Agglomeration: concentration of enterprises/cluster of activities Deglomeration: breaking up b/c not cost-effective anymore (downtowns)

8. Gravity model Larger places attract more people, commodities, and ideas than smaller places. Places closer together also have greater attraction. Direct relationship between population, inverse relationship of the distance (Pa X Pb)/distance between

9. Location theory Spatial positioning of industries with potential for success/failure Location of resources is primary factor! Other factors: cultural, political, human behavior, decision making Examples: Weber, Hotelling, Lösch MAXIMIZE PROFIT – MINIMIZE COST Friction of distance: increase in time/cost comes with increase in distance Distance decay: the greater the distance, the less it matters (less concern with faraway markets)

10. Weber’s Location Theory AKA: Weber’s Least Cost Theory 1) Transportation 2) Labor 3) Agglomeration Substitution principle

11. Hotelling’s Locational Interdependence Cannot ignore locations of other similar industries…

12. Lösch’s Model

13. Factors of Industrial Location 1) Raw materialsSite Factors 2) LaborLabor 3) TransportationLand 4) InfrastructureCapital 5) Energy *Political stability *Environment/climate

14. Miscellaneous Fordist Just-in-time delivery Bulk-gaining vs. bulk-reducing Break-of-bulk points Maquiladores Deindustrialization Footloose industries Industrial regions of the world and US