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Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

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1 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Chapter 32

2 Open or Close the Stem Cell Factories?
Impacts, Issues Video Open or Close the Stem Cell Factories?

3 Fig. 33-2a, p.559

4 Tissue A group of cells and intercellular substances that interact in one or more tasks Four types Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

5 Skeletal muscle tissue
Lumen 10 m Apical surface Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue Axons of neurons Basal surface Epithelial tissue (Confocal LM) Blood vessel Glia 20 m Blood Loose connective tissue Plasma White blood cells Figure 32.2 Exploring structure and function in animal tissues 50 m Skeletal muscle tissue Nuclei Red blood cells Muscle cell Collagenous fiber Elastic fiber 100 m 100 m 5

6 Organs Group of tissues organized to perform a task or tasks
Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

7 Organ Systems Organs interact physically, chemically, or both to perform a common task Circulatory system includes the heart, the arteries, and other vessels that transport blood through the body

8 Table 32.1 Organ systems in mammals
8

9 A.) Epithelial Tissue Lines the body’s surface, cavities, ducts, and tubes One free surface faces a body fluid or the environment Consists of a single layer (simple) of cells Modified for secretion, absorption, excretion and filtration simple squamous epithelium basement membrane connective tissue

10 Function of Epithelial
Protection (physical) Permeability Sensation General Experience all over your body Specialized Experience with only one organ Secretions (glandular)

11 Cell Shapes Squamous lines blood vessels air sacs of lungs cornea
Cubodial lines kidney tubules various glands Columnar digestive tract

12 Stratified Epithelium
Two or more layers thick Nose, mouth, esophagus Functions in protection, as in skin Cells in the layers may be squamous, columnar, or cuboidal

13 Structure of an epithelium
Epithelial Structure of an epithelium

14 Types of simple epithelium
Epithelial Types of simple epithelium

15 Cell Junctions Tight junctions prevent leakage
keeps fluid within organ Gap junctions permit passage of molecules between adjacent cells Adhering junctions allows skin to bend and stretch

16 Cell Junctions Cell junctions

17 Glands Secretory organs derived from epithelium Exocrine glands
have ducts or tubes tears, milk, earwax, digestive enzymes pancreas Endocrine glands ductless hormones

18 B.) Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue in the body
Binds and supports body parts Collagen and/or elastic fibers

19 3 types of Connective Tissue
Fibrous Adipose energy storage insulates cushions found around heart and kidneys Loose fibrous found in lungs, arteries and urinary bladder allows them to expand Dense fibrous tendons connect muscle to bone ligaments connect bones to other bones at joints

20 Soft Connective Tissues
Loose connective tissue Dense, irregular connective tissue Dense, regular connective tissue

21 Soft Connective Tissues

22 Connective Tissue Supportive connective tissue Cartilage
no direct blood supply heals slowly hyaline nose, ribs, ends of very long bones reduces friction in joints elastic outer ear, epiglottis fibro cartilage withstands tension (pressure) vertebrate column, knee joints

23 Bone Spongy contains yellow bone marrow fat contains red bone marrow blood cell formation Compact contains osteocytes osteoclasts osteoblasts Fluid connective tissue Blood arises from bone marrow

24 Specialized Connective Tissues

25 RBC erythrocytes transports oxygen within the blood WBC leukocytes fights infection phagocytic produces antibodies Platelets thrombocytes present bone marrow form plug/seal for injured tissue

26

27 4 Types of Membranes Combination of epithelial and connective tissue
1.) Mucous line passageways that have external contact helps to lubricate and protect 2.) Serous lines cavities not open to the outside thin but strong helps to reduce friction parietal covers cavity visceral covers organ

28 3 types pleural peritoneum (abdomen) pericardium 3.) Cutaneous skin 4.) Synovial protects end of bones secretes synovial fluid lubricant

29 C.) Muscle Tissue Composed of cells that contract when stimulated
Helps move the body and specific body parts Contain actin microfilament Contain myosin macrofilament 3 types ………

30 Muscle Tissues Muscle tissues

31 1.) Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Located in muscles that attach to bones
Long, cylindrical cells are striated 4 functions movement maintain posture joint stability produce heat

32 2.) Smooth Muscle Involuntary
In walls of many internal organs and some blood vessels Can remain contracted longer allow for blood vessels to constrict intestinal wall contracts to move food along urinary bladder

33 3.) Cardiac Muscle Present only in the heart
Cells are striated and branching Ends of cells are joined by communication junctions

34 D.) Nervous Tissue Nervous system has 3 functions: sensory input
reception integration transduction motor output response Nerve cells are called neurons perform electrical communication Action potentials

35 Nervous Tissue Neurons 3 parts dendrites
conduct signal toward cell body cell body major concentration of cytoplasm and nucleus axon process that conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

36 Nerve Cell

37 Functional zones of a motor neuron
Neurons Functional zones of a motor neuron

38 Nervous Tissue Neuroglia outnumber neurons 50 to 1
protect and support the neurons both structurally (repair) and metabolically

39 Organs / Organ Systems Each organ system is distributed within the human body into 2 main cavities: dorsal cavity (smaller) cranial cavity spinal cavity ventral cavity (larger) develops from coelom divided by muscular diaphragm thoracic pleural pericardial abdominal pelvic

40

41 Major Organ Systems Coordinate body activities nervous endocrine
Acquire materials and energy skeletal muscular digestive Maintain body shape integumentary

42 Major Organ Systems Exchange of gases respiratory circulatory
Transport materials Excrete wastes excretory (urinary) Protect the body from disease lymphatic integumentary Produce offspring reproductive

43 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM An animal’s outer covering Most visible Examples
invertebrates chitin-hardened cuticle vertebrate skin and its derivatives Largest organ skin covers an area of 1.5 – 2 m2 accounts for 16% of a human’s body weight

44

45 INTEGUMENTARY Protects underlying parts from: physical trauma
pathogen invasion water loss Aids in thermoregulation Sensory reception Skin cells manufacture precursor molecules that are converted to vitamin D after exposure to UV light helps with the absorption of calcium

46 Skin 3 regions epidermis outer layer
avascular stratified squamous epithelium no direct blood supply nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries thicker skin palms, feet (soles) no hair follicles no sebaceous glands

47 INTEGUMENTARY dermis middle layer
anchors epidermal accessory structures hair follicles, sweat glands provides mechanical strength, flexibility and protection highly vascularized contains sensory receptors hypodermis stabilizes skin

48 INTEGUMENTARY Accessory Structures hair protects and insulates
sensitive hair follicle deep within in dermis surrounded by sensory nerves

49 INTEGUMENTARY sabaceous gland exocrine gland lubricates
control bacteria growth smooth muscle causes goose bumps sweat gland merocrine evaporative cooling watery secretions widely distributed on the body surface (feet and palms)

50 INTEGUMENTARY apocrine nervous glands armpits, nipples, groin
produces sticky, cloudy secretions breakdown and cause odors nails dead cells packed with keratin protection

51 Structure of human skin
Vertebrate Skin Structure of human skin

52 BURNS 1o epidermis only heals within a few days 2o
damage to epidermis and dermis blisters may form 2 – 4 weeks to heal 3o damage all the way to the hypodermis requires medical treatment heals with skin grafts can be fatal due to dehydration and infection

53

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