1. Figure 27.1 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Hypothalamic
neurons in the
paraventricular nuclei
Neurons
in the ventral
hypothalamus
Hypothalamic
neurons in the
supraoptic nuclei
Optic chiasma
Superior
hypophyseal
artery
Infundibulum
(connecting stalk)
Hypothalamic-
hypophyseal tract
Hypophyseal portal system
Primary capillary
plexus
Inferior
hypophyseal
artery
Hypophyseal
portal veins
Neurohypophysis
(storage area for
hypothalamic
hormones)
Secondary capillary
plexus
Anterior pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
Secretory cells of
adenohypophysis
Oxytocin
ADH
TSH, FSH, LH,
ACTH, GH, PRL
Venule
Venule

2. Figure 27.2 Human endocrine organs.
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
(on dorsal aspect
of thyroid gland)
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testis (male) 2

3. Figure 27.3a-c Microscopic anatomy of selected endocrine organs.
Colloid-filled
follicles
Follicular
cells
Pancreatic
islet
 cells
(Glucagon-
producing)
Thyroid gland (360)
 cells
(Insulin-
producing)
Pancreatic
acinar cells
(exocrine)
Oxyphil
cells
Pancreatic islet (205)
Parathyroid
cells
Parathyroid gland (375) 3

4. Figure 27.3d-f Microscopic anatomy of selected endocrine organs.
Acidophils
Capsule
Chromophobe
Zona
glomerulosa
Basophil
Zona
fasciculata
Anterior pituitary (380)
Zona
reticularis
Pituicytes
Adrenal
medulla
Nerve fibers
Adrenal gland (60)
Posterior pituitary (345) 4

5. Figure 29-1 The composition of blood.
Plasma 55%
Constituent
Major Functions
Formed elements 45%
Solvent for carrying
other substances;
absorbs heat
Number
(per mm3 of blood)
Cell type
Functions
Water
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
Salts (electrolytes)
Sodium
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
4 – 6 million
Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
4800 – 10,800
Defense and
immunity
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Osmotic balance
Fibrinogen
Clotting of blood
Lymphocyte
Globulins
Defense (antibodies)
and lipid transport
Basophil
Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Platelets
150,000 –
400,000
Blood clotting
Hormones

6. Eosinophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets Neutrophils Erythrocytes
Figure Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain (765).
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Platelets
Neutrophils
Erythrocytes 6

7. Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus,
Figure Leukocytes.
Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
Small
lymphocyte;
large spherical
nucleus
Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytomasmic
granules
Monocyte;
kidney-
shaped
nucleus 7

8. Figure 29-9 Blood typing of ABO blood types.
Blood being
tested
Serum
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type AB (contains
antigens A and B)
RBCs
Type B (contains
antigen B)
Type A (contains
antigen A)
Type O (contains
no antigen) 8

9. Table 29-1 Summary of Formed Elements of the Blood (1 of 3)

10. Figure 30.1 Location of the heart in the thorax.
Midsternal line
Sternum
2nd rib
Diaphragm
PMI: Apical
pulse sounds
heard

11. Figure 30.2a Gross anatomy of the human heart.
Left common carotid
artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian artery
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Right pulmonary artery
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary
veins
Auricle of
left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Left coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Right marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Small cardiac vein
Inferior vena cava
Apex 11

12. Figure 30.2c Gross anatomy of the human heart.
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary veins
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Left atrium
Inferior vena cava
Great cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Right coronary artery
(in coronary sulcus)
Posterior vein of
left ventricle
Posterior interventricular
artery (in posterior
interventricular sulcus)
Left ventricle
Middle cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Apex 12

13. Figure 30.2b Gross anatomy of the human heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Papillary muscle
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium 13

14. Figure 30.2b Gross anatomy of the human heart.
Aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Right pulmonary veins
Fossa ovalis
Aortic valve
Pectinate muscles
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Papillary muscle
Chordae tendineae
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Epicardium
Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Endocardium 14

15. Figure 30.4 The systemic and pulmonary circuits.
Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Aorta and
branches
Venae
cavae
Left
atrium
Right
atrium
Left
ventricle
Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
where gas
exchange
occurs
Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood 15

16. Figure 30.5 Coronary circulation.
Superior
vena cava
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Anastomosis
(junction of
vessels)
Left atrium
Left coronary
artery
Right atrium
Right coronary
artery
Circumflex artery
Left
ventricle
Right ventricle
Anterior interventricular artery
Right marginal
artery
Posterior
interventricular
artery
The major coronary arteries
Superior
vena cava
Anterior
cardiac
veins
Great cardiac
vein
Coronary sinus
Small cardiac
vein
Middle cardiac vein
The major cardiac veins 16

17. Figure 30.7 Photomicrograph of cardiac muscle (665×).
Intercalated
discs
Sarcolemma
Nucleus
Cardiac
muscle
cells 17

18. Figure 31.1 The intrinsic conduction system of the heart.
Superior vena cava 1
The sinoatrial (SA)
node (pacemaker)
generates impulses.
Internodal pathway
Right atrium
Left atrium 2
The impulses
pause (0.1 sec) at
the atriventricular
(AV) node.
Subendocardinal
conducting network
(Purkinje fibers) 3
The
atrioventricular
(AV) bundle
connects the atria
to the ventricles.
The bundle branches
conduct the impulses
through the
interventricular septum. 4
Inter-
ventricular
septum 5
The subendocardial
conducting network
depolarizes the contractile
cells of both ventricles.

19. Figure 31.2 The normal electrocardiogram.P T Q S
QRS complex
Time Scale: R
small squares  0.04 sec
1 large square  0.20 sec
5 large squares  1.00 sec T P
P-R
interval
S-T segment Q S
Q-T
interval 19

20. depolarization begins Impulse delayed at AV node Impulse passes to
Figure The sequence of excitation of the heart related to the deflection waves of an ECG tracing.
SA node generates
impulse; atrial
depolarization begins
Impulse delayed
at AV node
Impulse passes to
heart apex; ventricular
depolarization begins
Ventricular
depolarization
complete
SA node
AV node
Bundle
branches
Subendocardial
conduction
network R R R R P T P T P T P T Q Q Q Q S S S S 20

21. Figure 32.1 Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Artery
Vein
Tunica intima
Artery
Endothelium
Vein
Subendothelial layer
Internal elastic membrane
Tunica media
(smooth muscle and
elastic fibers)
External elastic membrane
Tunica externa
(collagen fibers)
Vasa vasorum
Valve
Capillary network
Lumen
Lumen
Basement membrane
Capillary
Endothelial cells

22. Figure 32.13 Circulation in fetus and newborn.
Aortic arch
Newborn
Superior vena cava
Ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum arteriosum
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Heart
Lung
Foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
Liver
Ductus venosus
Ligamentum venosum
Hepatic portal vein
Umbilical vein
Ligamentum teres
Inferior vena cava
Umbilicus
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Umbilical arteries
Medial umbilical ligaments
Urinary bladder
Umbilical cord
Placenta
High oxygenation
Moderate oxygenation
Low oxygenation
Very low oxygenation 22

23. Figure 32.14 Hepatic portal circulation.
Hepatic veins
Gastric veins
Liver
Spleen
Hepatic portal
vein
Splenic vein
Right
gastroepiploic vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Superior
mesenteric vein
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum 23

24. (mid-to-late diastole)
Figure Summary of events occurring in the heart during the cardiac cycle.
Left heart
QRS P T P
Electrocardiogram
1st
2nd
Heart sounds
120
Dicrotic notch 80
Aorta
Pressure (mm Hg)
Left ventricle 40
Atrial systole
Left atrium
120
EDV
Ventricular
volume (ml) SV 50
ESV
Atrioventricular valves
Open
Closed
Open
Aortic and pulmonary valves
Closed
Open
Closed
Phase 1 2a 2b 3 1
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Isovolumetric
contraction phase
Ventricular
ejection phase
Isovolumetric
relaxation
Ventricular
filling 1 2a 2b 3
Ventricular filling
(mid-to-late diastole)
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Early diastole

25. at right sternal margin
Figure Areas of the thorax where heart sounds can best be detected.
Aortic valve:
sounds are heard in
2nd intercostal space
at right sternal margin
Pulmonary valve:
sounds are heard in
2nd intercostal space
at left sternal margin 1 2 3 4 5
Mitral valve:
sounds are heard
over heart apex, in
5th intercostal space
in line with middle
of clavicle 6 7
Tricuspid valve:
sounds are typically
heard in right sternal
margin of 5th intercostal
space; variations include
over sternum or over left
sternal margin in 5th
intercostal space 25

26. Figure 33.3 Body sites where the pulse is most easily palpated.
Superficial temporal artery
Facial artery
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Dorsalis pedis
artery 26

27. Figure 33.9 Procedure for measuring blood pressure.
120 systolic
70 diastolic
(to be measured)
Pressure
in cuff
above 120;
no sounds
audible
Pressure
in cuff
below 120,
but above 70
Pressure
in cuff
below 70;
no sounds
audible
120 mm Hg
120 mm Hg
Rubber cuff
inflated with
air
70 mm Hg
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Brachial
artery
closed
Brachial
artery 27