1. CHAPTER 16 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places
Hapsburg Empire
Charles V
Philip II
Absolute Monarch
Divine Right
Armada
El Greco
Miguel de Cervantes

2. Hapsburg Empire – Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands.
Charles V – Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson. He ruled 2 empires, King of Spain and thereby ruler of the Spanish colonies in the Americas as well.
Philip II – Solidified power in his 42 year reign. He expanded Spanish influence and strengthened the Catholic church and made his own power absolute and Spain became the foremost power in Europe.

3. Absolute Monarch – Ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs.
Divine Right – Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God.
Armada – Fleet of ships.
El Greco – Considered to be a master of Spanish painting. He produced haunting religious pictures and striking portraits of Spanish nobles.
Miguel de Cervantes – The most important writer of Spain’s golden age. Author of Don Quixote which pokes fun at medieval tales of chivalry, and was considered Europe’s first modern novel.

4. CHAPTER 16 Section 2 Terms, People, and Places
Huguenots
Henry IV
Edict of Nantes
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIV
Intendant
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Versailles
Levee
Balance of Power

5. Huguenots – French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s.
Henry IV – He rebuilt France with a government that reached into every area of French life. Royal officials administered justice, improved roads, built bridges, and revived agriculture. He reduced the influence of nobles and laid the foundation in which future Monarchs would build absolute power.
Edict of Nantes – Law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 giving more religious freedom to French Protestants.
Cardinal Richelieu – Louis XIII appointed him as his chief minister. He worked tirelessly to extend Royal power. He sought to destroy power of the Huguenots and nobles, two groups that did not bow to royal authority.

6. Louis XIV – He firmly believed in his divine right to rule
Louis XIV – He firmly believed in his divine right to rule. He increased royal power by spending many hours attending to government affairs. He structured life at Versailles around rituals and extravagant events. He kept his nobles under his control and made them dependent on him.
Intendant – Official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert – Louis XIV brilliant finance minister.
Versailles – Royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV.

7. Levee – Morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon French king Louis XIV.
Balance of Power – Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong.

8. CHAPTER 16 Section 3 Terms, People, and Places
James I
Dissenter
Puritans
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell
English Bill of Rights
Limited Monarchy
Constitutional Government
Cabinet
Oligarchy

9. James I – James Stewart, the ruling king of Scotland was heir to Elizabeth I who died childless in He agreed to rule according to English law and customs. He lectured parliament about divine right but leaders in the House of Commons fiercely resisted the king’s claim to absolute power.
Dissenter – Protestant whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England.
Puritans – Members of an English Protestant group who wanted to “purify” the Church of England by making it more simple and more morally strict.

10. Charles I – He behaved like an absolute monarch by imprisoning his foes without trial while squeezing the nation for money. In an effort to raise taxes, Charles signed the petition of right, which prohibited the King from raising taxes without parliament consent. He later dissolved Parliament and ignored the petition of right. He was later executed in 1649.
Oliver Cromwell – A skilled general who organized a “new model army for parliament”. He defeated Charles I supporters, called cavaliers, in a series of decisive battles. After abolishing the monarchy he later became the leader of the common wealth.

11. English Bill of Rights – Series of acts passed by the English Parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament.
Limited Monarchy – Government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.
Constitutional Government – Government whose power is defined and limited by law.
Cabinet – Parliamentary advisors to the king who originally met in a small room, or “cabinet”.
Oligarchy – Government in which ruling power belongs to a few people.

12. CHAPTER 16 Section 4 Terms, People, and Places
Elector
Ferdinand
Mercenary
Depopulation
Peace of Westphalia
Maria Theresa
War of the Austrian Succession
Prussia
Frederick William I
Frederick II

13. Elector – One of seven German princes who would choose the Holy Roman emperor.
Ferdinand – A Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia. Sought to suppress protestants and to assert royal power over nobles. He was elected Holy Roman Emperor with the support of Spain.
Mercenary – Soldier serving in a foreign army for pay.
Depopulation – Reduction in the number of people in an area.
Peace of Westphalia – Series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War.

14. Maria Theresa – She became Hapsburg empress at the age of 23 after Emperor Charles VI had no heir. She strengthened Hapsburg’s power by reorganizing the bureaucracy and improving tax collection.
War of the Austrian Succession – Series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI.
Prussia – A strong military state in central Europe that emerged in the late 1600s.

15. Frederick William I – Prussian ruler who placed a great emphasis on military values and formed one of the best trained armies in Europe.
Frederick II – He brilliantly used his disciplined army forcing all to recognize Prussia as a great power. His exploits earned him the name Frederick The Great.

16. CHAPTER 16 Section 5 Terms, People, and Places
Peter the Great
Westernization
Autocratic
Boyar
Warm-water Port
St. Petersburg
Catherine the Great
Partition

17. Peter the Great – Used his power to put Russia on the road to becoming a great modern power.
Westernization – Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture.
Autocratic – Having unlimited power.
Boyar – Landowning noble in Russia under the tsars.
Warm-water Port – Port that is free of ice year round.
St. Petersburg – Capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703.

18. Catherine the Great – A German princess by birth
Catherine the Great – A German princess by birth. At the age of 15, she wed the heir to the Russian throne. After her husband was murdered, and with the support of the military, she ascended the Russian throne. She proved to be an efficient and energetic empress. She embraced Western ideas and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life.
Partition – A division into pieces.