1. The “Sleeping” Brain

2. Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine
When you sleep, you do not hear, taste, feel or see. Consistent stimulus: the alarm clock ringing, a telephone, someone shaking you, will wake you up. So how does the human brain prevent casual stimulus from keeping you awake all night?
In 1975, Karen Ann Quinlan (age 21) went to a bar with some friends. Due to severe menstrual cramps, she'd been taking Dragon, Valium, and aspirin all day. At the bar, she ordered a few rounds of gin and tonic. Later that night, she passed out and suffered a cardiac arrest. Although her heart was restarted, Karen lapsed into a persistent vegetative state. Her family won the right to remove her from life support, but Karen could breathe on her own and survived until perishing from sepsis in When her brain was later studied, neurologists found that her cerebral cortex was intact and not extensively damaged. This flew contrary to previous vegetative state cases. Instead, it was the human thalamus that showed the greatest amount of damage. It was completely disconnected from the cerebral cortex. The human thalamus is connected with consciousness as it provides the gatekeeper for all sensory input. Although Karen could sleep, wake and breathe on her own, she could not fix her attention, feel sensation or show any apparent conscious thought.
Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine
Makes up much of the core of the brain stem
Damage to this area can cause coma
Very complex functions that help integrate the brain
Plays a central role in consciousness
Damage to this area can lead to coma or death
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

3. It is believed that many sleep disorders are because of a problem with the ____________________
The thalamus is the gatekeeper and stops /starts ________________________________ from the body/brain from going to the ________________________________
When your body “feels/tastes/sees/touches“ something, the sensory signal goes to the _______________
______of all sensory information goes here but NOT ___________
The thalamus then directs the sensory signal to the correct part of the cerebral cortex for __________________________________________________________
Think of the thalamus as something like a gate to our__________________. If we focus on one sense (say, on vision while reading a very interesting book), we can ______out information from other senses (and not hear that someone was talking to us). This is done by the thalamus, which decides what we are _________ of and what not. Since smell information is independent of the thalamus, we cannot blind out olfaction: we either smell an odor, or we do not smell it.
Rf – produces main neurotransmitters needed for sleep – achetylcholine
Makes up much of the core of the brain stem
Damage to this area can cause coma
Very complex functions that help integrate the brain
Plays a central role in consciousness
Damage to this area can lead to coma or death
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

4. Damage to this area can cause an irreversible _______________________
THALAMUS
2) _______________ _________________
Makes up much of the core of the ________________
Plays a central role in _____________ cycle (______________)
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Damage to this area can cause an irreversible _______________________
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down

5. acetylcholine (ACh).
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
3) _________________
Passes _________________ information to the _________________
Contains the _________ ________________ centre of limbs
it sends signals to brain stem to shut down ____________________________________________
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

6. In only the past couple of years, researchers discovered that when the _______________________was activated in mice, they fell into a ______________________, no matter the time of day. When this region was destroyed, they became _____________
acetylcholine (ACh).
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
3) PONS
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
4) _____________
An area in the medulla called the _________________ produces ____________
GABA is a __________________that ___________ wakefulness
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

7. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down Medulla
5) ______________
- contains suprachiasmatic nucleus (______) which maintains the ________________________________(sleep-wake clock)
- Also contains the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (________) which is known as the “______________”
- The VLPO also releases _________ .
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
HIPPOCAMPUS
AMYGDALA
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
Medulla
PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

8. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down Medulla
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
HYPOTHALAMUS
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
6) _______________
Has many functions in the brain
Particularly involved with ______________________
When it comes to sleep, it is active during _______________________
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
Medulla
- Hippocampus" comes from the Ancient ____________ word for ________________, as that is what is resembles - hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster"
PINEAL GLAND
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

9. Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down Medulla
HYPOTHALAMUS
THALAMUS
RETICULAR FORMATION
HIPPOCAMPUS
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
PONS
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
7 PINEAL GLAND
…where the hormone __________________ is produced
…Melatonin helps regulate the ________________ clock
…melatonin is stimulated by the ___________________
Medulla
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters

10. REVIEW: The Master Timekeeper
a group of about 20,000 nerve cells (neurons) that form a structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or _______.
The _____ is
located in a part of the brain called the _______________ and receives direct input from the __________

11. How do we know to go to sleep?
When it gets dark, the retina detects ____________ ________, and triggers the SCN
The SCN triggers the ____________which creates and releases the hormone ______________
This is a key hormone for ___________
The level of MELATONIN gradually _____________ , reaching its peak in the middle of the night in natural circumstances9.

12. The Master Timekeeper
Melatonin is not a sedative, but is a cue for innate night-time behaviour.
In the morning, your __________is triggered by _______, which causes the SCN to alert the pineal gland to ________ making __________________
It is MELATONIN that causes your body to slow down, to reduce heat, etc.

13. Contains _____– sleep switch
________________ – Contains ____ – controls circadian rhythms (retina) and triggers pineal gland
Contains _____– sleep switch
_________ – stops most sensory signals from triggering your brain
__________________________________– key role in whether you are sleeping or awake
_________________
Memory centre
Active in dreaming
A study on amygdala done in Dec 2015 shows that our ability to differentiate between what is important and what is not is affected with a loss of lseep – we have a harder time judging neutrality of something
____________ – tells muscles to shut down
Hypothalamus = inhibits area in the brainstem that maintains wakefulness (specifically the VLPO – ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) – is a little ball right near the front of the hypothalamus
The switching between non-REM and REM sleep during each sleep cycle is regulated by several complex interactions between various “REM-on” and “REM-off” neurons, employing different neurotransmitters in various different regions of the mid-brain and hind-brain, all of which are necessary for the various characteristics of REM sleep to play out.
Another neurotransmitter, serotonin, is also released in the brain throughout the day, which has the effect of stimulating a particular area in the hypothalamus, which in turn inhibits a different part of the same organ, all of which has the effect of encouraging sleep. Even more importantly, serotonin is used by the body to produce yet another hormone, melatonin, sometimes called the “ sleep hormone”, which is a major regulator our biological or circadian clock. Meltaonin goes to every organ of the body
Pons has very special set of neurons are only active during REM sleep, even if disconnected from practically all of brain
Pons also is incolved in paralysis of limbs, as it sends signals to brain stem
Neurotransmitters that encourage muscle movement are shut down
______________________– melatonin to make you tired Triggered by SCN
____________– deep sleep zone
Pineal gland is where melatonin is produced – melatonin is stimulated by darkness
Sleep and wakefulness allso involves a whole variety of different neurotransmitters