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2. In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system
The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system.
Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed.
Seems inefficient for an active animal!

3. Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects

4. Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm
This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid
Mouth feeds in sediments
Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange
Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation
For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel

5. Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches)
aortic arch
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
What is NOT shown well in this cartoon?
Gas exchange!

6. Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Incomplete separation of two sides means mixing blood of different quality. Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow.
or BIRD
Homeotherms!
Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient
See Fig pg 920

7. Respiratory/Circulatory Systems
Ventilation system
Fig 45.1 Page 903

8. Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens)
gas exchange
muscular pump
glucose control
blood cell replacement
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
nitrogenous waste
absorbing nutrients
gas exchange
nutrient exchange

9. Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates
return from body
…to body
…to lung
…from lung
semilunar valve
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
semilunar valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart
The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not!

10. 2 1 DUB!! 3 4 Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close
Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure 1 2
LUB
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
DUB!!
Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body
Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves 3 4

11. The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!
initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker”
atrial contraction
“LUB”
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
and Purkinje fibers
ventricular contraction
“DUB”
Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control
The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!