1. Notes Part 1: Oceans are connected!
Chapter 3: Oceans
Notes Part 1: Oceans are connected!

2. Facts about the Ocean 71% of all water on Earth is salt/sea water
There are 4 oceans….but they are all connected to form 1 sea.
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic

3. Facts about the Ocean

4. Why is Earth mostly water?
Dense materials (rock, metals, etc…) sank
Water vapor rose to the surface
Temperatures cooled and the water vapor condensed.

5. Natural Resources
The ocean contains several resources that we use on a daily basis:
Food – the US is the 3rd largest consumer of seafood
Provides oxygen
Chemicals – some make medicines, such as cancer-fighting treatments

6. Salt Salinity: the amount of dissolved salt in H2O
Processes can remove salt from the sea (desalination) but the salinity of the water does not change.

7. Salt Water and Density
Salt water has a greater density than fresh water…
Ocean water is most dense:
In shallow areas
Warm climates
VERY cold climates

8. Other Minerals Underwater volcanoes erupt minerals into the sea.
Rain and rivers carry minerals to the sea
The ocean contains all 92 natural elements

9. Gases in the Ocean Dissolved oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and CO2
Ocean animals take in O and release CO2
O is added by algae and other plants
CO2 is used to help build shells for animals

10. Ocean Temperatures
1. Surface: the warmest layer because it is heated by the sun 2. Thermocline: warmer at the top, but temps drop quickly with depth 3. Deep water: cold all year… degrees F

11. Notes Part 2: Ocean Features and Currents
Chapter 3: Oceans
Notes Part 2: Ocean Features and Currents

12. Ocean Features

13. Continental Shelf
The gradual sloping land between the edge of a continent and the continental slope

14. Continental Slope
Land that drops steeply at the end of the continental shelf

15. Submarine Canyons
Canyons that cut through the continental shelf and slope

16. Ocean Trench
Narrow, steep clefts in the ocean floor

17. Abyssal Plain
Wide, flat area of the ocean floor covered with sediment

18. Mid-Ocean Ridge/Seamounts
Chain of underwater
mountains
Single underwater
mountain
Mid-Ocean Ridge/Seamounts

19. Volcanic Islands
Underwater volcanoes that reach the surface

20. Ocean Exploration
With today’s technology, scientists are able to map the ocean floor
They use sonar to find depths by using sound waves to measure distances and locate objects.
Fast echo = shallow
Slow echo = deep

21. Ocean Exploration
Scientists also use satellite imaging to detect bumps and dips in depth

22. Ocean Currents
Section 3.2

23. What is an ocean current?
A mass of moving water found in the ocean.
Water and winds work together to move cold and warm temps around the world
El Nino occurs if the winds do not help carry the weather
There are surface currents and deep currents.

24. Surface Currents Strong winds blow over the ocean causing these.
They only go down meters
There are giant whirlpools in the northern (clockwise) and southern (counterclockwise) hemispheres.
Warm water is moved away from the equator, and cold air is pushed toward it.

25. Surface Currents

26. Deep Currents Caused by differences in the water densities.
Water becomes dense from salt and sinks to the bottom, moving along the ocean floor.

27. Deep Currents
Downwelling: movement of water from the surface to the ocean floor.
Water brings oxygen down to support life.
Upwelling: movement of water back to the surface.
Returns many nutrients to surface.

28. Notes Part 3: Waves and Tides
Chapter 3: Oceans
Notes Part 3: Waves and Tides

29. Important Terms Wave: up and down movement in the water.
Crest: high point of the wave
Trough: low point of the wave
Wave height: distance from the top of the crest to the bottom of the trough.
Wave length: distance between one wave’s crest and the next wave’s crest.

30. Important Terms

31. Wave Action at the Surface
It may look like waves are moving the water, but they are not.
Currents move water, waves move energy

32. Wave Action near Shore
Waves lose speed and energy as they approach the shore, and eventually “break”
The water runs back down the sand into the ocean.
Undertoe: the pull of the water as it runs back to the sea
Very dangerous!

33. Waves cause Currents: Longshore currents
Moves water parallel to the shore
Occurs when waves meet the land at an angle
Can form sandbars: long piles of sand that form parallel to the coast

34. Waves cause Currents: Rip Currents
Narrow streams of water that break through sandbars and drain rapidly back into the ocean.
Occur when high winds
or waves cause excess
water movement.

35. Ocean Tides
Section 3.4

36. What is a tide?
The periodic rising and falling of the water level in the ocean
Highest water level at high-tide
Lowest water level at low-tide

37. Daily Tides
The moon’s gravitational pull pulls on the water facing it, causing a bulge.
The moon’s gravitational pull also pulls Earth toward it, causing a bulge on the opposite side.

38. Tidal Range As Earth rotates, the high tide moves.
Tidal range: the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide.
the range is greater in a narrow bay compared to the open shore
An area with a steep ocean floor also has a larger range

39. Tidal Range

40. Monthly Tides
In a month, the moon, sun, and Earth all line up 2 times (at the new and full moons)
The gravity of the moon adds to the gravity of the sun and they both pull Earth’s water in the same direction.
Creates an extra-high tide and extra-low tide known as the spring tide.

41. Monthly Tides
During the 1st and 3rd quarter moons, the Sun and the moon do not align.
The gravity of them pulls Earth’s water in different directions.
Causes the tides to be less extreme, known as a neap tide.

42. Tides and Electricity
A tidal dam is built near the coast. Water flows in at high tide and is locked in with gates. When the low tide comes, the water rushes out and falls on the turbines.

43. Tides and Electricity Few places can use it Timing does not match up
Pros
Less Pollution
Renewable Energy source
Cons
Few places can use it
Timing does not match up
Could harm marine life