1. Cardinal vowels 1

2. Cardinal vowels
Based on most extreme vowel positions 2

3. Cardinal vowels Based on most extreme vowel positions
e.g. cardinal [i] is most closed and most front vowel possible
Any more closure results in turbulence
Voiced, palatal, fricative [ʑ] 3

4. Cardinal vowels Based on most extreme vowel positions
e.g. cardinal [i] is most closed and most front vowel possible
Any more closure results in turbulence
Voiced, palatal, fricative [ʑ] 4

5. Cardinal vowels
Cardinal [u] is most closed and most back vowel possible
Any more closure results in turbulence
Voiced, velar, fricative [ɣ] 5

6. Cardinal vowels 6

7. Cardinal vowels
Australian vs. US English 7

8. Cardinal vowels
[e] is diphthong in American English
[eɪ] 8

9. Cardinal vowels [e] is diphthong in American English [eɪ]
Say ‘day’ as [e] not [eɪ]
Common in Scotland, N. England 9

10. Cardinal vowels [e] is diphthong in American English [eɪ]
Say ‘day’ as [e] not [eɪ]
Common in Scotland, N. England
[e] is closer to the cardinal [e] than [eɪ] 10

11. Cardinal vowels
[o] is diphthong in American English
[oʊ] 11

12. Cardinal vowels [o] is diphthong in American English [oʊ]
Say ‘dough’ as [o] not [oʊ]
Common in Scotland, N. England
[o] is closer to the cardinal [o] than [oʊ] 12

13. Vowels in dialects
Vowel differences are major dialectal markers 13

14. Vowels in dialects
What different pronunciation are there of
‘he’ 14

15. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘he’ [heɪ] 15

16. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘he’ [heɪ]
‘hid’ 16

17. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘he’ [heɪ]
‘hid’ [hiəd] 17

18. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘he’ [heɪ]
‘hid’ [hiəd]
‘hay’ [həi] 18

19. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘he’ [heɪ]
‘hid’ [hiəd]
‘hay’ [həi]
‘head’ [hæd], [heəd] 19

20. Vowels in dialects
What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ 20

21. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] 21

22. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] 22

23. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd]
‘hoed’ 23

24. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd]
‘hoed’ [heʊd] 24

25. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd]
‘hoed’ [heʊd]
‘hood’ 25

26. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd]
‘hoed’ [heʊd]
‘hood’ [hʊəd] 26

27. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd]
‘hoed’ [heʊd]
‘hood’ [hʊəd]
‘who’d’ 27

28. Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of
‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd]
‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd]
‘hoed’ [heʊd]
‘hood’ [hʊəd]
‘who’d’ ?? 28

29. Vowels in dialects
The point?
Most English vowels can be diphthongs 29

30. Primary cardinal vowels
Memorize these. Know their numbers 30

31. Primary cardinal vowels
[i] is higher and fronter than AE 31

32. Primary cardinal vowels
[e] is not a diph. As in AE 32

33. Primary cardinal vowels
[ɛ] as in ‘bet’, ‘said’ 33

34. Primary cardinal vowels
Contrast [ɑ] in ‘father’ and [a] in ‘like’ [aɪ] 34

35. Primary cardinal vowels
Contrast [ɑ] in ‘father’ and [a] in ‘like’ [aɪ]
[a] is Spanish 35

36. Primary cardinal vowels
Primary 1-5 are unrounded, 6-8 are rounded 36

37. Primary cardinal vowels
[ɔ] exists in ‘all’,’caught, ‘always’ in some dialects 37

38. Primary cardinal vowels
[ɔ] exists in diphthongs, [ɔɪ] ‘toy, soy’ 38

39. Primary cardinal vowels
[o] is often a diphthong [oʊ] in AE 39

40. Primary cardinal vowels
[u] is often a diphthong [uʊ] in AE 40

41. Primary cardinal vowels
[u] is fronted in AE 41

42. Secondary cardinal vowels
Take primary and switch rounding 42

43. Secondary cardinal vowels
Practice rounding and unrounding primary vowels 43

44. Secondary cardinal vowels
[ɒ] exists in RP ‘hot, lot’ 44

45. Secondary cardinal vowels
[Ʌ] is used as stressed schwa in AE ‘but, much’ but there it is more central
Confusing use of symbol 45

46. Secondary cardinal vowels
[ɤ] is unrounded [o] 46

47. Secondary cardinal vowels
[ɤ] looks like voiced, velar fricative [ɣ] 47