1. TERRORISM AND THE MIDDLE EAST
IN THE 20th CENTURY

2. OTTOMAN EMPIRE - TURKEY

3. 1. The Ottoman Empire (1300 to 1600’s) = The Most powerful Empire in Southwest Asia and North Africa.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

4. a. The Ottoman Turks = Muslims – Spread the religion to their lands.
Janissaries and the “gunpowder” empire

5. Gained the nickname “Sick Man of Europe”
b. From 1700s to 1922, the Ottoman Empire grew weaker due to poor leadership
Gained the nickname “Sick Man of Europe”

6. 2. The Ottoman Empire broke up after World War I – Only Turkey Left

7. 3. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk = The father of modern Turkey – Created the Republic of Turkey

8. 4. What did he do? Gave women the right to vote
Made Turkey into Modern Nation
Separated (Sharia)Islam Law and put European-style Law
Gave women the right to vote
Brought Capitalism to Turkey

9. 5. Turkey is a SECULAR nation – Not religious government – Turkey is an Islamic population with democratic protections

10. MIDDLE EAST AFTER WORLD WAR II

11. 1. Britain and France controlled the Middle East after WWI

12. 3. Turkey becoming independent made ARAB NATIONALISM possible
2. The British and France Controlled the most important resource in the Middle East - OIL
3. Turkey becoming independent made ARAB NATIONALISM possible

14. 5. 1960 – OPEC (Oil-Producing Exporting Countries) – this group set price for oil.

15. ISRAEL and PALESTINE

16. 2. After WWII – British divide area between Palestine and Israel
1. The Creation of Israel = Controversy
2. After WWII – British divide area between Palestine and Israel
3. Palestine was the home of the Jews for about 2000 years but the Romans forced the Diaspora.
– Part of Palestine was given to the Jews for a Jewish state. Palestinians and Muslims become Angry 16

17. 6. Israel becomes a state in 1948 – Surrounded by Muslim nations that are Angry.
7. First Arab-Israeli War =
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria
Vs.
Israel *WINS*

19. 8. 1973 = Arabs attacked again but Israel wins again.
Golda Meir – Israeli Prime Minister

20. 9. 1977 = Egypt agrees to recognize Israel’s right to exist for the Sinai Peninsula.

21. 10. Israel gets recognition but Palestine does not

22. 11. Palestinians were given the Gaza Strip and the West Bank but Israel took control of the lands.

23. The PLO will attack using Terroristic tactics.
12. In 1964, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed; its goal was to demand a Palestinian state
The PLO will attack using Terroristic tactics.

24. 13. Tensions between Israel/Palestine grew due to SUICIDE BOMBERS

26. Peace talks have stalled as Israel refuses to negotiate until Palestinian attacks stop

27. Terrorism

28. 1. Terrorism is when people or groups use violence and fear to bring change to a government or society
Since the 1960s – 14,000 attacks.

29. Terrorism occurs for different reasons by a variety of groups
2. the Irish Republican Army (IRA) used terrorism against Britain to gain independence
Hamas and Hezbollah

30. Terrorism occurs for different reasons by a variety of groups
Hamas and Hezbollah
3. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) has tried to create a Cuba-style communist government in Colombia 30

31. Terrorism occurs for different reasons by a variety of groups
Hamas and Hezbollah
4. In Peru, Shining Path led a revolution inspired by Mao’s Cultural Revolution 31

32. Terrorism occurs for different reasons by a variety of groups
5. In the Middle East, Palestinian groups like Hamas and Hezbollah target attacks on Israel
Hamas and Hezbollah 32

34. 6. The deadliest terrorist organization in recent history is al-Qaeda (“The Base”)
7. Al-Qaeda was formed by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi Arabian from a wealthy family

35. 8. Al-Qaeda at first was made up of Afghan rebels and other Muslims from the Middle East who fought the Soviet Union in the 1980s; they were trained and armed by the CIA

36. 9. When the United States intervened in the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 (the first Persian Gulf War), bin Laden saw the American presence in the Middle East as an affront to Islam

37. 10. Al-Qaeda sees the presence of American military and Western businesses in the Middle East (especially Saudi Arabia) as an offense against Islam

38. 11. Arabia is where the Prophet Muhammad started Islam; Westerners “profane” this “holy place” with their “decadent” ways

39. 12. Al-Qaeda has the goals of destroying Israel, removing all Western influence from the Middle East, and spreading strict Islamic ideology throughout the world; they view their attacks as a jihad (“holy war”) against the “non-believers”

40. 13. In 1993, al-Qaeda detonated a bomb in the basement of the World Trade Center in New York City

41. 14. In 1998, two U.S. embassies in Africa were bombed

42. 15. In 2000, the navy ship USS Cole was attacked in Yemen

43. 16. On September 11, 2001, hijacked planes destroyed the World Trade Center and hit the Pentagon in Washington D.C.

44. 17. After 9/11, President George W Bush declared a “war on terrorism” and sent troops to destroy al-Qaeda in Afghanistan

50. The American Response to September 11, 2001
al Qaeda terrorists
Iran, Iraq, & North Korea form an “Axis of Evil”
Taliban government

52. In 2010 and 2011, numerous revolutions erupted in North Africa and the Middle East in which citizens are demanding the overthrow of authoritarian governments in favor of democracy

53. What’s Happening in the Arab World?
What options do citizens have when they want democracy?

54. What’s Happening in the Arab World?
What options do leaders have when protests occur?

55. Arab Spring Videos: Tunisia, Egypt, Libya
Uprising: Radical Jihad or Democratic Protest?