1. The Wonderful World of APA Style

2. Quiz
1. What are the 3 primary ways that scientists share their work with the scientific community? 9. What is the purpose of the introduction of a paper?

3. The Basics Always double space and always only ONE double space
on title page, abstract, body
after headings and after the title on the first page of the body
between and within references
In other words, EVERYWHERE
1 inch margins
Right, left, top, and bottom
12 pt. Times New Roman
Indent paragraphs (no block style and NO extra spaces between paragraphs). Word Processor default is usually sufficient amount of indentation.

4. The Basics Page Numbers Manuscript Page Header
start with the title page
number all pages
on the upper RIGHT edge in the header
Word- go to View → Header and Footer
Manuscript Page Header
Running head (will explain in a future slide), left justified in the header
Only one space after punctuation marks such as a period except at the end of a sentence.

5. Running head: PROSOPAGNOSIA: ADDRESSING LATERALITY 1
Prosopagnosia: Addressing the Problem of Laterality
Sara S. Summers
State University of New York at Geneseo
(no date! No class number!)
Page number
Page header

6. General Format: Sections in Order
Title page
Abstract
Body
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Tables
Figures
Appendices

7. Title Page Title of your paper.
State the variables that are being explored.
No more than 12 words
Centered in the middle of your page.
Avoid unnecessary words such as “A study of…”
Author’s name and institutional affiliation.
Name should be centered and placed below the title.
Use First Name, Middle Initial, and Last Name
First the author’s name (if more than one author from the same institution place both authors on the same line separated by “and”).
The institutional affiliation is the name of the place (usually a college or university) where the research was funded. Affiliation goes on a new line after author
A new line for each new author of a new affiliation.

8. Title Page Running head.
When published in a journal, the running head will appear at the top or the right of the page.
An abbreviated version of your title that makes sense
No more than 50 characters (including spaces and punctuation).
Placed at the top of the page, left justified
Format
Running head: YOUR ABBREVIATED TITLE

9. Running head: ATTENTION AND MEMORY RETRIEVAL 1
Exploring the Role of Attention During Memory Retrieval: Effects of
Semantic Encoding and Divided Attention
Jeffrey P. Lozito and John Q. Smith
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

10. Abstract: Content and Format
The abstract is a summary of the purpose, methods, results, and conclusion (usually 1-2 sentences each)
Most important paragraph in the ms- must be clear and interesting.
Purpose stated in one or two brief sentences
Methods should give a brief statement of independent and dependent variables
Results should not be numeric but rather a simple summary (Example: Results indicate a significantly higher rating for children than adults.)
Conclusion is a statement about implications, future directions, etc… DO NOT OMIT!

11. Abstract: Content and Format
Begin on a new page (p. 2)
In Word go to Insert, then to Break, then to Page Break
Do not use a series of keyboard returns to get to a new page. This applies to any time a new page is required.
Type “Abstract” at top, centered
No indentation at beginning of abstract
Do not exceed 150 words (used to be 120)
Leave the rest of the page blank, start the rest of the manuscript on page 3

12. Body Begins on page 3 First line- Restate your title, centered
Start body one double-spaced line below title
Using a Double 3
Using a Double Span Task to Measure Working Memory
Performance on Recognition Tasks
The working memory is a system that underlies complex human thought processes by
maintaining and storing information in the short term (Baddeley, 2003). It keeps track of
what we are doing or where we are at the moment, and…

13. Body For the Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion
When one section stops in the middle of a page, the next section starts immediately. DO NOT start a new page for each section!

14. Body Headings First-Level Heading Second-Level Heading
Using headings makes it easier to navigate your paper
There are five levels
In a paper like your research report, you will probably only use the first three levels
This is what they look like in order:
First-Level Heading
Second-Level Heading
Third-level heading. Begin text of paragraph…

15. Method
Participants
Describe participants here.
Materials
Memory test. The memory test description
would go here.
Demographic Profile. This particular
instrument would be described in this
paragraph.
Procedure
Begin the procedure description here.

16. Introduction The topic of study is stated
Research relevant to your study is described
Similarities and differences between your study and others are noted
Studies described in past tense (“Jones found …”)
Remember this is not a literature review. It is an argument that leads to the development of an hypothesis. Choose articles that are relevant to your independent and dependent variables
The introduction ends with a VERY brief introduction of your specific study and your hypotheses/predictions you have regarding the outcome of your study.

17. Some APA rules for text
Do not underline. If you want to use emphasis, italicize.
Do not let headings hang on the bottom of a page
If a heading word, such as Results, is the last thing on the bottom of the page then move it up to the top of the next page

18. Some APA rules for text Acronyms Use Sparingly
Spell out the acronym the first time you use it in a text. Put the acronym in parentheses next to the text spelled out.
Example: An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted… The ANOVA revealed…
Then use the abbreviation throughout. Do not switch back and forth.
Do not use acronyms in the abstract.

19. Some APA rules for text Numbers
Spell out common fractions and common expressions (one-half, Fourth of July).
Spell out large numbers beginning sentences (Thirty days hath September . . .).
Spell out numbers which are inexact, or below 10 and not grouped with numbers over 10 (one-tailed t test, eight items, nine pages, three-way interaction, five trials).
Use numerals for numbers 10 and above, or lower numbers grouped with numbers 10 and above (for example, from 6 to 12 hours of sleep).
To make plurals out of numbers, add s only, with no apostrophe (the 1950s).

20. Some APA rules for text Numbers
Treat ordinal numbers like cardinal numbers (the first item of the 75th trial . . .).
Use combinations of written and Arabic numerals for back-to-back modifiers (five 4-point scales).
Use combinations of numerals and written numbers for large sums (over 3 million people).
Use numerals for exact statistical references, scores, sample sizes, and sums (multiplied by 3, or 5% of the sample). Here is another example: "We used 30 subjects, all two year olds, and they spent an average of 1 hr 20 min per day crying”.
Use metric abbreviations with figures (4 km) but not when written out (many meters distant).
Use the percent symbol (%) only with figures (‘5%’) not with written numbers (‘five percent’ not ‘five %’).

21. Citations in text When Should You Use Citations?
When quoting any words that are not your own
Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks – use this RARELY
When summarizing facts and ideas from a source
Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words
When paraphrasing a source
Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
When in doubt, CITE
If entire paragraph on one study, OK to cite twice, at beginning and end.

22. Citations in text One work by one author One work by two authors
In a recent study of cigarette smokers, 40,000 reported withdrawal effects (Walker, 2000).
In the study by Walker (2000), 40,000...
One work by two authors
Cognitive pathways...are substantial (Earl & Whitter, 2004).
Earl and Whitter (2004) found...

23. Citations in text One work by three, four, or five authors
For the first time it is cited spell out ALL names
In a recent study of cigarette smokers, 40,000 reported withdrawal effects (Smith, Rapp, & Kurs, 1997).
Smith, Rapp, and Kurs (1997) found...
Second time cited and after-
(Smith et al., 1997)
Smith et al. (1997)

24. Citations in text
One work with six or more authors- cite only the first author followed by et al.
(Koenig et al., 1994)
Koenig et al. (1994)
Notice that et does NOT have a period and al. does.

25. Citations in text
For three or more authors, if references are cited in the abstract, cite them in full form when they are cited again in the body for the first time
In abstract for first time
(Smith, Rapp, & Kurs, 1997)
In body for first time
Second time in either abstract/body
(Smith et al., 1997)

26. Citations in text Two or more references within the same parentheses
By the same authors
Chronological order by year
(Walls & Rine, 2000, 2003)
By different authors
Alphabetical order by the first author’s last name, and separate works by semicolons
(Coldwell, 1999; Massa & Abrams, 2003; Moritz & Balmer, 2001)

27. Citations in text Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .
More than one author with the same last name
(H. James, 1878) (W. James, 1880)
Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
There are other extenuating circumstances such as works with no author, two citations by one author, and personal communications. When in doubt, look it up. DO NOT adopt your own style.

28. Type of
Citation
First citation
in text
Subsequent
citations in text
Parenthetical format,
first citation in text
subsequent citations
One work by one author
Walker (2007)
(Walker, 2007)
One work by two authors
Walker and Allen (2004)
Walker and Allen (2004)
(Walker & Allen, 2004)
One work by three authors
Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999)
Bradley et al. (1999)
(Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999)
(Bradley et al., 1999)
One work by four authors
Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, and Walsh (2006)
Bradley et al. (2006)
(Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, & Walsh, 2006)
(Bradley et al., 2006)
One work by five authors
Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (2008)
Walker et al. (2008)
(Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 2008)
(Walker et al., 2008)
One work by six or more authors
Wasserstein et al. (2005)
(Wasserstein et al., 2005)
Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)
NIMH (2003)
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003)
(NIMH, 2003)
Groups (no abbreviation) as authors
University of Pittsburgh (2005)
(University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

29. Method
The method section provides information critical to the replication of your study.
Your goal is to be clear enough that if a person wanted to replicate your study from this method section, they would be able to.
What level of detail is necessary?
Do not put “pencils and paper” in your materials section. It is assumed if you had subjects write something, that you gave them a pencil.
However, if it is essential that people not have writing instruments from a phase of the test, you may say “all pencils were removed…” in the procedures section.
Finally, you do not have to say “all participants signed a consent form…” This is assumed. An exception is when you are dealing with special populations like the mentally handicapped. You should describe those consent form procedures.

30. Method The word “Method” is centered above the section.
Subsections vary as needed
Participants - the subjects or participants (both are acceptable terms) studied are described, as well as the manner in which they were chosen.
Materials/Apparatus/Design etc… - you may have any, some, or all of these.
Procedure - describes how the study was conducted. It is best if this is done in chronological order.

31. Results
The results section presents the data collected, how they were analyzed, and the outcome of the analysis.
Summarize the data you collected and present the main findings (even those that are counter to your hypotheses).

32. Example of Results An example (Sharon, 2003):
A 2 (Condition: intentional or standard) x 2 (Retrieval type: symbol-based or memory-based) mixed model Anova was conducted with retrieval type as the within-subjects variable. Results showed main effects of condition (F(1, 56) = 5.92, p = .02) and retrieval type (F(1, 56) = 71.85, p < .0001), qualified by an interaction between them (F(1, 56) = 5.64, p = .003). As expected, children in the intentional condition performed better than children in the control condition only on the symbol-based retrievals (Ms = 3.7 and 2.1 respectively); performance on the memory-based retrievals did not differ (Ms = 4.5 and 4.6).
[needs SDs, effect sizes]

33. Results: Descriptive Statistics
Do not mention individual scores
Report summarized data such as means and standard deviations
Should you report descriptives in text, table, or figure format?
Rules of thumb
One independent variable can usually be reported in text unless it has many categories
For reporting means and standard deviations together - if you have more than three to report use a table
Use figures if the relationship between levels of the variables are difficult to see, such as interactions (more on that in the coming weeks).

34. Results: Descriptives in Text
Note that you MUST follow one of these examples PRECISELY. You are not free to create your own style of reporting descriptives
Example 1
The mean number of conversation statements was 5.62 (SD = 1.21).
Example 2
Participants in the video comprehension condition (M = 12, SD = 3.30) scored higher than those in the Audio comprehension condition (M = 5, SD = 0.50).
Note: Decimal places usually are two places. The exception: p values between .01 and .001 are reported to 3 places (e.g., .005). If , still report as < .001.

35. Tables and Figures in the Text
Each table and figure should be identified by a number, in the order that they appear in the text (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1 etc.).
When using a table or figure, you need to refer to the them in the text (e.g., "As shown in Table 1,…") and point out to the reader what they should be looking for in the table.
Do not discuss every piece of data that is in the table or else there is no point in having the table. Only mention the most important pieces of information from the table.
The table or figure should also make sense on its own. Be sure to explain all abbreviations except standard abbreviations such as M, SD, and df. Don’t forget to identify the unit of measurement.

36. Discussion
The discussion section includes interpretation of your results in relationship to your hypotheses/predictions and to related studies.
You should note any flaws, limitations, and alternate conclusions that have not been ruled out.
If you have ideas for future research, explain these.
This section must offer some discussion of the implications of the results. Why should anyone care? What is at stake?

37. References Page
A list of every source that you make reference to in your manuscript.
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your manuscript.
Each retrievable source cited in the manuscript must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

38. References Page On a separate page after the body
Type the word References on first line, centered
List references in alphabetical order
If you cite more than one work from an author, list them in chronological order (i.e. by date) with the earliest first.
First line is left justified, hanging indent (5 spaces) for following lines within reference
In Word, type in all of your references with no indents or special double spaces. Be sure to have one keyboard return after each citation
Then go to the Paragraph bar in the Home tab, then under Indents and Spacing go to Special and select Hanging

39. References Page
Most citations should contain the following basic information:
Author’s name
Year of publication
Title of work
Publication information
There is a special rule if your reference has more than 6 authors. See APA manual for the exception.
There are many special references for various types of material. If your material does not fall in the examples given here, consult the APA manual.

40. Book Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Touchstone.
Article in Journal, DOI available Kramer, A.M., Dennis, B., Liebhold, A.M., & Drake, J.M. (2009). The evidence for allee effects.  Population Ecology, 51, doi: /s
Note that the DOI will always have two numbers before the dot (usually 10)
XX.XXXXXXXXXX

41. Article in Journal, no DOI available and did not get this article from an online public database. Keller, M. P., & Chance, O. F. (2003). Inherited neuropathies: From gene to disease. Brain
Pathology, 9,
Article in Journal, no DOI available, article retrieved from a public online database. Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), Retrieved from

42. Article in Edited Book
Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Online Newspaper Article Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. Roughcut. Retrieved
Webpages (those that change over time like wikis)
Bixley, T. S. (1995).  Sentient microfilaments. Retrieved May 8, from

43. Tables
Tables should appear after the reference list and after any appendices but before figures.
All lines are double-spaced (new APA rule – you can single space if it is more readable however you MUST be consistent throughout)
There are no vertical lines
First is the label (Table 1 etc…)
Every table needs a unique title on the next line after the label.
The title should be brief but clearly explain what is in the table.
The title should be italics
Next is the first horizontal line of the table, which separates the table title from the column headings.

44. Tables
Use upper and lowercase letters in the title and the column headings. The column heading is the label which is centered over each column.
Separate short horizontal lines separate the column headings for the data type labels
A second full horizontal line separates the column headings/data labels from the table data.
The table is ended with a final horizontal line.
Any table notes should follow this last line. Table notes are optional.
These three full horizontal lines are the only lines which are required for an APA style table. In some cases additional horizontal lines may be used for clarification.

45. Table 1
Learning Through Problem Solving by Level of Difficulty.
_____________________________________________________
Problems Attempted Problems Correct
________________ _______________
Difficulty M (SD) M (SD)
Hard 37 (3.1) 23 (4.2)
Medium 23 (2.9) 15 (1.3)
Easy 15 (1.4) 14 (3.3)
Notes.  Any notes needed for clarification in the table must be included below
the table.

46. Figures
Figures
A common use of Figures is to present graphs, photographs, or other illustrations (other than tables).
Figures should only be used if they add substantively to the understanding of the paper. They should never duplicate other elements of the paper.
Standards for good figures
Simplicity, clarity, and continuity
There are specific guidelines for various types of graphs – consult your manual

47. Figures General guidelines Use bright white paper
Proportion the axes appropriately. Be sure your graph accurately represents the data
If units of measurement do not start with zero, break the axes with a double slash
Label the y axis parallel to its axis
Do NOT use a full page in landscape format for your figure. This is an Excel default that is NOT acceptable.

48. Figure Caption
Figure captions describe the figures you include with your paper.
Double-space and type Figure 1. (or 2 or 3, etc.)
Italicize and flush left
It is followed by the caption for the figure (not italicized), capitalizing only the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns.
For graphs, the figure caption should include dependent variable and relevant independent varibles
Example: Figure 1. Mean words recalled as a function of delay period.

49. Figure 1. Mean recall as a function of type of media environment.
Running head: CMC EXPERIENCE AND MEMORY 37

50. Appendices Each appendix begins on a separate page.
Arrange the appendices in the order in which they are mentioned in the text of the manuscript.
If there is more than one appendix they are labeled with a letter after the word Appendix. Letters must be in alphabetical order
The word Appendix and the corresponding letter (if more than one) should be centered horizontally at the top of every appendix page (e.g.: Appendix A).
If there is only one appendix, a letter is not necessary.
After the word Appendix, center the title of your Appendix. Every appendix should be titled. The title should use upper and lower case letters.
Begin the text of the appendix flush left, with indented paragraphs.