1. European Expansion

2. European Expansion How was Expansion a movement of “discovery”?
How can we describe the “good” and “evil” of Expansion?

3. European Expansion

4. The Historical Context
Mongol Empire disintegrated  trade network collapsed
Expansion of Ottoman Empire
Europeans wanted to bypass Mediterranean

5. The Historical Context
New Tools for Navigation
New, more accurate maps
Globes
New ship designs
Ships were larger (400-1,000 tons)
Perfection of caravels
Could now travel oceans!
Caravel

6. Portugal Prince Henry “the Navigator” (1394-1460)
Eager to find new route to Asia around Africa
Established school for mariners?
Sponsored expeditions to explore African coast

7. Portugal Portuguese Exploration Bartholomeu Dias Vasco da Gama
Rounded southern tip of Africa (1487)
Vasco da Gama
Sailed around tip of Africa (1497)
Reached Calicut, India (1498)

8. Portugal African Slave Trade
Result of growing labor shortages in New World (15th cent.)
Portuguese-African negotiations
Slaves captured by fellow Africans
Portuguese exchanged goods for slaves

9. Portugal The African Slave Trade (15th cent.)
Miserable, dangerous journey to New World
Slave work
Field and plantation workers
Brutal conditions

10. Portugal

11. Portugal The Portuguese Empire
Possessed territories from South America to Asia
Trading posts

12. Portugal
Questions?

13. Spain Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Genoese mariner
Beliefs about Asia
Far closer than we think!
Could be reached by sailing due west
Initially could not find interest
Queen Isabella became first sponsor

14. Spain First Voyage of Columbus (1492-93)
Landed at San Salvador, Bahamas
Explored coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola
First encounter with natives  warmly received

15. Spain

16. Spain Other Spanish Accomplishments
Columbus discovered not Asia, but whole new continent!
The Pacific Ocean (1513)
Circumnavigation of world ( )

17. Spain The Aztec Empire Associated with Mexico
Emperor: Montezuma II (r )
Capital: TENOCHTITLÁN
Huge island city
Cultural center
Religion
Polytheistic
Human sacrifice
Tyrannical

18. Spain
Tenochtitlán

19. Spain
Tenochtitlán

20. Spain The Conquest of the Aztecs Attacked by Cortés and conquistadors
Captured Montezuma
Took capital (1521)  collapse of empire
Why victory?
Aided by angry subjects of Aztecs
Superior weapons and horses
Disease
Cortés

21. Spain The Inca Empire Center: Peru Capital: Cuzco
Rumored to be very wealthy!
Also built on uneasy conquest

22. Spain The Conquest of the Incas
Pizarro and conquistadors marched into Andes
Assisted by natives
Defeated Incas at Cuzco (1533)
Pizarro

23. Spain The Fruits of Colonization World empire! Tremendously wealthy!
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: blending of Old and New World cultures
To Old World: more goods, new foods, new animals, animal products
To New World: European culture, Christianity

24. Spain What of the natives? Natives initially welcoming to Spanish
Spanish wanted them enslaved, converted
Advocates: Spanish crown, friars
Disease wiped out entire populations
Those left were subjugated
Amerindians suffering from smallpox

25. Spain
Questions?

26. European Expansion How was Expansion a movement of “discovery”?
How can we describe the “good” and “evil” of Expansion?