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Transitions and Conservatism

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1 Transitions and Conservatism
President Nixon leaves office disgraced by the Watergate scandal. His successors face a sluggish economy, environmental concerns, and a revolution in Iran. President Ronald Reagan’s election marks a rightward shift in domestic and foreign policy, and the U.S. confronts a host of domestic problems. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

2 Transitions and Conservatism
What was the defining moment of the 1970s through the 1990s in the United States? The Nixon Administration LESSON 1 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3 A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4 Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5 Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

3 The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
President Richard M. Nixon tries to steer the country in a conservative direction and away from federal control. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4 The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
Nixon’s New Conservatism 1969, Richard M. Nixon wins election, tries to steer the America in more conservative direction New Federalism Nixon: decrease size and influence of federal government New Federalism—give part of federal power to state, local government Nixon proposes revenue sharing, which becomes law in 1972: state, local governments now decide how to spend federal money Welfare Reform Family Assistance Plan gives family of four a base income Senate liberals, conservatives defeat bill Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5 Nixon’s New Conservatism (continued)
Lesson 1 Nixon’s New Conservatism (continued) New Federalism Wears Two Faces Nixon backs some social spending increases to win Democratic support Tries to dismantle some programs, impounds funds for others courts order release of impounded funds Law and Order Politics Nixon moves aggressively to end war, mend divisiveness in country Begins law and order policies to end riots, demonstrations sometimes uses illegal tactics Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

6 The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
Nixon’s Southern Strategy Nixon uses Southern Strategy to attract conservative Democrats in the South A New South Southern Democrats help segregationist George Wallace win 5 states Nixon: win over Southern Democrats for votes, majority in Congress Nixon Slows Integration To attract white voters in South, Nixon slows desegregation Supreme Court orders Nixon to comply with Brown ruling Nixon opposes extension of Voting Rights Act but Congress extends it Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

7 Nixon’s Southern Strategy (continued)
Lesson 1 Nixon’s Southern Strategy (continued) Controversy Over Busing Supreme Court rules school districts may bus to end segregation Students, parents in some cities protest angrily Nixon goes on national TV to urge Congress to halt busing A Battle Over the Supreme Court 1969, Nixon appoints Warren Burger as chief justice Also appoints 3 associate justices; makes Court more conservative Court does not always vote conservative Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

8 The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
Confronting a Stagnant Economy 1967–1973, U.S. faces stagflation—combination of high inflation, high unemployment The Causes of Stagflation Inflation result of LBJ’s deficit spending on war, social programs Unemployment from more international trade, new workers Rising oil prices, U.S. dependence on foreign oil add to inflation OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) controls prices Nixon Battles Stagflation Nixon tries to raise taxes, cut budget, Congress refuses plan Tries to reduce amount of money in circulation, causes mild recession Freezes wages and prices for 90 days, eases inflation temporarily Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

9 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
President Richard Nixon’s involvement in the Watergate scandal forces him to resign from office. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

10 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
President Nixon and His Whitehouse Freedom riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed An Imperial Presidency Depression, WW II, Cold War make executive most powerful branch Nixon expands presidential powers, ignores Congress The President’s Men Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; like him, desire secrecy H. R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser John Mitchell, Nixon’s former attorney general Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

11 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
The Drive Toward Reelection Nixon is looking for any advantage in the race for reelection A Bungled Burglary 5 men caught breaking into Democratic headquarters; Watergate complex James McCord tied to Committee to Reelect the President (CRP) The Cover-Up Watergate scandal is administration’s attempt to cover up break-in destroy documents, try to stop investigation, buy burglars’ silence Washington Post reporters link administration to break-in White House denies allegations; little public interest in charges Nixon reelected by landslide over liberal Democrat George McGovern Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

12 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
The Cover-Up Unravels Judge John Sirica presides burglars’ trial, thinks did not act alone James McCord admits lied under oath; says Nixon advisers involved The Senate Investigates Watergate White House involvement peaks public interest in Watergate Nixon dismisses White House counsel John Dean; others resign Nixon denies Watergate involvement on TV; appoint Elliot Richardson attorney general Senator Samuel J. Ervin heads investigative committee Startling Testimony Dean declares Nixon involved in cover-up Alexander Butterfield says Nixon tapes presidential conversations Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

13 The Cover-Up Unravels (continued)
Lesson 2 The Cover-Up Unravels (continued) The Saturday Night Massacre Special prosecutor Archibald Cox subpoenas tapes; Nixon refuses Nixon orders Cox fired, attorney general Elliot Richardson refuses Saturday Night Massacre: Richardson resigns; deputy attorney general refuses, fired Cox’s replacement, Leon Jaworski, also calls for tapes Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, revealed he accepted bribes Nixon nominates Gerald Ford, Congress confirms Ford as vice-president Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

14 Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
The Fall of a President March 1974, grand jury indicts 7 presidential aides charges: conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury Nixon Releases the Tapes Nixon tells TV audience he is releasing edited transcripts July 1974, Supreme Court rules unanimously Nixon must surrender tapes Nixon maintains that he has done nothing wrong; “I am not a crook.” The President Resigns House Judiciary Committee approves 3 articles of impeachment formal accusation of wrongdoing while in office charges: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress Nixon releases tapes; show he knows of administration role, cover up Before full House votes on impeachment, Nixon resigns Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

15 The Fall of a President (continued)
Lesson 2 The Fall of a President (continued) The Effects of Watergate 25 members of administration convicted, serve prison terms Public and media develop cynicism about public officials Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

16 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
The Ford and Carter administrations attempt to remedy the nation’s worst economic crisis in decades. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

17 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Ford Travels a Rough Road Gerald R. Ford urges country to move on from Watergate scandal “A Ford, Not a Lincoln” Ford’s pardon of Nixon loses much public support Economic challenges dominate Ford’s presidency Ford tries to “Whip” Inflation WIN program; unsuccessfully asks public to cut back use of oil, gas, save energy “Tight money” policy; cuts government spending, urges higher interest to restrict credit triggers recession Ford fiscal conservative, but approves increases in spending, tax cuts unemployment falls, inflation decreases Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

18 Ford Travels a Rough Road (continued)
Lesson 3 Ford Travels a Rough Road (continued) Ford Pushes for a Streamlined Government Continually battles Democratic Congress with own economic agenda vetoes more than 50 bills Ford wants to curb government regulation; more than 90 federal agencies Make regulation more efficient Replace some regulation with antitrust enforcement Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

19 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Carter Enters the White House Republicans divided over Ford; Democrats run unknown Jimmy Carter Mr. Cater Goes to Washington Carter promises to restore integrity to presidency defeats Ford by narrow margin Has down-to-earth style; holds “fireside chats” on radio, TV Does not make deals with Congress; relies on Georgia advisers Both parties in Congress join to sink Carter budgets, major reforms Carter Confronts Energy Crisis Carter offers energy proposals; oil-, gas-producing states, auto makers resist National Energy Act—encourages conservation, U.S. energy sources By 1979, National Energy Act, conservation cut foreign oil dependence Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

20 Carter Enters the White House (continued)
Lesson 3 Carter Enters the White House (continued) The Economic Crisis Worsens Violence in Middle East creates fuel shortage; OPEC raises prices Carter tries various methods, none work; gives “malaise” speech 1980, inflation 14%, standard of living drops; people lose confidence A Changing Economy From 1950s automation, foreign competition reduce manufacturing jobs Service sector expands, higher paying jobs require education, skills Growing foreign economies cut into U.S. markets; hurt auto industry Carter and Civil Rights Carter hires more African Americans, women than previous presidents Many civil rights groups disappointed because few laws passed 1978, Bakke case, Supreme Court strikes affirmative action quotas Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

21 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Cultural Shifts in the 1970s American media confronts lingering social issues Television Reflects American Life TV programming begins to reflect American life and society confront racial issues and economic inequality Minorities and women appear on TV as main characters The Computer Age Begins 1940s–1950s, engineers develop smaller more powerful computers 1971, first microprocessor, less than one inch in size 1974, first personal computers 1970s, Microsoft, Apple make advances in software, hardware Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

22 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
A Human Rights Foreign Policy Carter rejects the philosophy of realpolitik; commits to human rights. Efforts for Human Rights Carter’s foreign policy promotes human rights—basic freedoms establishes Bureau of Human Rights in the State Department Cuts off aid to some, not all, allies that mistreat own citizens Transfer of the Panama Canal Panamanians resent having country split in two by foreign power 1977, treaty gives control of canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999 Agreements improve relations between U.S., Latin America Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

23 A Human Rights Foreign Policy (continued)
Lesson 3 A Human Rights Foreign Policy (continued) The Mariel Boatlift Open-door policy for Cuban refugees coming to U.S. 1980, Fidel Castro opens port of Mariel, Cuba, to any wishing to leave 125,000 Cubans crowd onto boats headed for U.S. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

24 The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Triumph and Crisis in the Middle East Carter Administration confronts troubles in Middle East The Camp David Accords 1978, Carter hosts talks between Anwar el-Sadat, Menachem Begin Camp David Accords forge peace between Israel, Egypt: Israel withdraws from Sinai Peninsula Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist The Iran Hostage Crisis Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini leads overthrow of shah — establishes Islamic state Carter supports shah; allows him entry to U.S. for cancer treatment Students seize U.S. embassy, take 52 hostages; demand shah back Carter refuses; standoff ensues; intense secret negotiations follow Captives released Jan. 1981, shortly after Ronald Reagan sworn in Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

25 A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
Conservatism reached a high point with the election in 1980 of President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Bush. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

26 A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
The Conservative Movement Builds Entitlement programs provide guaranteed benefits to specific groups high cost of programs, stories of fraud upset taxpayers Some Americans frustrated at civil rights rulings, such as busing The New Right New Right—collection of grass-roots groups promoting single social issues Many oppose affirmative action—special consideration for women, minorities say it’s reverse discrimination; assault on traditional values The Conservative Coalition Business, religious, other groups form conservative coalition Conservative periodicals, think tanks discuss, develop policies Goals are small government, family values, patriotism, national defense, business Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

27 The Conservative Movement Builds (continued)
Lesson 4 The Conservative Movement Builds (continued) The Moral Majority 1970s, religious revival uses TV, radio; strong among fundamentalists Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority—Christians for traditional morals Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

28 A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
Conservatives Win Political Power Ronald Reagan wins 1980 Republican nomination; George H. W. Bush is running mate Reagan’s Qualifications Tours country making speeches for free enterprise, against big government Reagan served 2 terms as governor of California The 1980 Presidential Election Reagan runs on conservative issues, weak economy, Iran crisis Called Great Communicator: can simplify issues, give clear answers Gets 51% popular vote, 44 states; Republican also get Senate majority Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

29 A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
Conservatives Victories in 1984 and 1988 Reagan forges large coalition of diverse groups: businesspeople, Southerners, Westerners, Reagan Democrats The 1984 Presidential Election Democrat Walter Mondale chooses Geraldine Ferraro as running mate first woman on major party’s presidential ticket Reagan, Bush win by landslide The 1988 Presidential Election Most Americans economically comfortable; attribute comfort to Reagan, Bush Republican candidate George H.W. Bush stresses conservatism; promises “no new taxes” Gets 53% popular vote, 426 electoral votes; negative adds blamed for low voter turnout Victory seen as conservative mandate Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

30 Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Presidents Reagan and Bush pursued a conservative agenda. It included tax cuts, budget cuts, and increased spending, during an era of serious social problems. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

31 Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
“Reaganomics” Takes Over Reagan works to reduce size and influence of federal government Budget Cuts Maintains entitlement programs that benefit middle class Cuts by 10% programs that benefit poor, urban population Increases in military spending offset cuts in social programs 1981–1984, defense budget almost doubles; arms race with Soviets Tax Cuts Reaganomics based on Supply-side economics holds that lower taxes result in: investment, greater productivity, more supply, lower prices Economic Recovery Act of 1981, Congress decreases taxes by 25% over 3 years largest tax cuts to highest incomes Reagan: wealth will “trickle-down” Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

32 “Reaganomics” Takes Over (continued)
Lesson 5 “Reaganomics” Takes Over (continued) Recession and Recovery July 1981–Nov. 1982, worst recession since Great Depression Early 1983 consumer spending fuels economic upturn: more consumer confidence; decrease in inflation, unemployment 1987, market crashes, then recovers, continues up Savings and Loan Crisis 1970s–1980s, economic downturns create problems for S&Ls By 1989, 1,000 S&Ls forced to close; S&L crisis costs government, taxpayers $120 billion The National Debt Climbs Spending outstrips revenues; new 1982 taxes do not balance budget National debt almost doubles by end of Reagan’s first term Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

33 Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Reagan’s Policy Goals Reagan uses conservative principles to reshape Supreme Court, regulation Judicial Power Shifts to the Right Reagan appoints Sandra Day O’Connor first woman justice Other Reagan, Bush appointments make Court more conservative Clarence Thomas confirmed after sexual harassment hearings Court places restrictions on civil rights, abortion Deregulation of the Economy Reagan reduces government size and power through deregulation Cuts budget of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ignores pleas from Canada about acid rain Interior Dept. permits more oil drilling, lumbering, coal mining sells millions of acres of public lands Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

34 Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Social Concerns 1980s, Beneath the surge of prosperity lay serious social problems Health Issues AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) caused by virus — destroys immune system, makes body prone to infections, cancer 1980s, epidemic grows; increasing concern over prevention, cure Abortion 1980s, battle over abortion intensifies opponents pro-life; supporters pro-choice 1989, Supreme Court rules states may place restrictions on abortion Drug Abuse Reagan administration prosecutes drug users, dealers First Lady Nancy Reagan has “Just say no!” to drugs campaign Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

35 Social Concerns (continued)
Lesson 5 Social Concerns (continued) Education 1983 commission: U.S. students lag behind students in other nations Commission recommends: merit raises for teachers emphasis on core subject areas more homework, long school days, extend school year The Urban Crisis Cities deteriorate as whites move to suburbs; businesses follow By 1992, thousands in cities homeless; cities divided economically High Cost of Space Exploration 1970s, public interest in NASA wanes 1981, NASA launches space shuttle program 1983, Sally Ride first American woman in Space; Guion Bluford first African American 1986, Challenger disaster threatens future of space shuttle program 1988, space shuttles resume flight Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

36 Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Bush’s Domestic Policies Bush hurt by rising deficit, recession of 1990–1992 Bush initiative calls for using public money for school choice Signs the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Clean Air Act Amendments Forced to raise taxes despite campaign promise 1992, approval rating drops to 49% Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

37 Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
New pressures, including the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the new role of the U.S. as the world’s only superpower, affected foreign policy under Reagan and Bush. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

38 Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
Foreign Policy in Africa and Asia President Reagan, Bush had to make decisions about intervention in Africa, Asia Apartheid in South Africa Reagan turned to “constructive engagement” to confront apartheid in South Africa maintain business ties; offer incentives for reform Congress overrides Reagan veto to pass Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 1994, Bush works with F.W. De Klerk to peacefully end apartheid Communism Continues in China 1980s, China loosens business restrictions, stops price controls Students demand free speech, voice in government 1989, demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, other cities Premier Li Peng orders military to crush protesters unarmed students killed U.S. condemns China’s actions, imposes some sanctions Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

39 Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
Central America and Caribbean Policy U.S. opposes left-leaning governments in Central America and Caribbean Nicaragua 1979, Sandinistas take over Nicaragua; Carter sends them aid 1981, Reagan calls them communists; helps Contras—opposition forces Congress passes Boland Amendment, banning aid to Contras 1990, Contra supporter Violeta de Chamorro elected president Grenada Pro-Cuban government takes control of the island 1983 Reagan sends troops; government replaced Panama Bush sends troops to arrest dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega Noriega convicted of drug trafficking in U.S., sentenced to 40 years Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

40 Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
Middle East Trouble Spots The ever-shifting Middle East drew the U.S. into conflict, scandal, and war Tragedy in Lebanon Muslim and Christian factions battle for control of Lebanon 1982, Israel invades Lebanon to stop attacks from PLO 1983, international peacekeepers, including U.S. troops, arrive in Lebanon Oct. 1983, 241 U.S. marines die from bomb attack on barracks The Iran-Contra Scandal 1983, terrorists loyal to Iran take Americans hostage in Lebanon Reagan says no negotiating with terrorists, but sells arms for hostages staff diverts some profits to Contras; violate Boland Amendment 1987, Congress holds televised hearings 1988, several staffers indicted; 1992, Bush pardons Reagan officials Continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

41 Middle East Trouble Spots (continued)
Lesson 6 Middle East Trouble Spots (continued) The Persian Gulf War Iran-Iraq War leaves Saddam Hussein with great war debt — 1990, invades Kuwait to take its oil, threatens U.S. oil supply Bush, Secretary of State James Baker organize international coalition 1991, Operation Desert Storm liberates Kuwait from Iraq Victory parades greet returning soldiers Under 400 coalition casualties; 100,000 Iraqi deaths Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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