1. Transitions and Conservatism
President Nixon leaves office disgraced by the Watergate scandal. His successors face a sluggish economy, environmental concerns, and a revolution in Iran. President Ronald Reagan’s election marks a rightward shift in domestic and foreign policy, and the U.S. confronts a host of domestic problems.
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2. Transitions and Conservatism
What was the defining moment of the 1970s through the 1990s in the United States?
The Nixon Administration
LESSON 1
Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall
LESSON 2
The Ford and Carter Years
LESSON 3
A Conservative Movement Emerges
LESSON 4
Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns
LESSON 5
Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush
LESSON 6
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3. The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
President Richard M. Nixon tries to steer the country in a conservative direction and away from federal control.
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4. The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
Nixon’s New Conservatism
1969, Richard M. Nixon wins election, tries to steer the America in more conservative direction
New Federalism
Nixon: decrease size and influence of federal government
New Federalism—give part of federal power to state, local government
Nixon proposes revenue sharing, which becomes law in 1972:
state, local governments now decide how to spend federal money
Welfare Reform
Family Assistance Plan gives family of four a base income
Senate liberals, conservatives defeat bill
Continued…
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5. Nixon’s New Conservatism (continued)
Lesson 1
Nixon’s New Conservatism (continued)
New Federalism Wears Two Faces
Nixon backs some social spending increases to win Democratic support
Tries to dismantle some programs, impounds funds for others
courts order release of impounded funds
Law and Order Politics
Nixon moves aggressively to end war, mend divisiveness in country
Begins law and order policies to end riots, demonstrations
sometimes uses illegal tactics
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6. The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
Nixon’s Southern Strategy
Nixon uses Southern Strategy to attract conservative Democrats in the South
A New South
Southern Democrats help segregationist George Wallace win 5 states
Nixon: win over Southern Democrats for votes, majority in Congress
Nixon Slows Integration
To attract white voters in South, Nixon slows desegregation
Supreme Court orders Nixon to comply with Brown ruling
Nixon opposes extension of Voting Rights Act but Congress extends it
Continued…
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7. Nixon’s Southern Strategy (continued)
Lesson 1
Nixon’s Southern Strategy (continued)
Controversy Over Busing
Supreme Court rules school districts may bus to end segregation
Students, parents in some cities protest angrily
Nixon goes on national TV to urge Congress to halt busing
A Battle Over the Supreme Court
1969, Nixon appoints Warren Burger as chief justice
Also appoints 3 associate justices; makes Court more conservative
Court does not always vote conservative
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8. The Nixon Administration LESSON 1
Confronting a Stagnant Economy
1967–1973, U.S. faces stagflation—combination of high inflation, high unemployment
The Causes of Stagflation
Inflation result of LBJ’s deficit spending on war, social programs
Unemployment from more international trade, new workers
Rising oil prices, U.S. dependence on foreign oil add to inflation
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) controls prices
Nixon Battles Stagflation
Nixon tries to raise taxes, cut budget, Congress refuses plan
Tries to reduce amount of money in circulation, causes mild recession
Freezes wages and prices for 90 days, eases inflation temporarily
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9. Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
President Richard Nixon’s involvement in the Watergate scandal forces him to resign from office.
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10. Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
President Nixon and His Whitehouse
Freedom riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed
An Imperial Presidency
Depression, WW II, Cold War make executive most powerful branch
Nixon expands presidential powers, ignores Congress
The President’s Men
Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; like him, desire secrecy
H. R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff
John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser
John Mitchell, Nixon’s former attorney general
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11. Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
The Drive Toward Reelection
Nixon is looking for any advantage in the race for reelection
A Bungled Burglary
5 men caught breaking into Democratic headquarters; Watergate complex
James McCord tied to Committee to Reelect the President (CRP)
The Cover-Up
Watergate scandal is administration’s attempt to cover up break-in
destroy documents, try to stop investigation, buy burglars’ silence
Washington Post reporters link administration to break-in
White House denies allegations; little public interest in charges
Nixon reelected by landslide over liberal Democrat George McGovern
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12. Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
The Cover-Up Unravels
Judge John Sirica presides burglars’ trial, thinks did not act alone
James McCord admits lied under oath; says Nixon advisers involved
The Senate Investigates Watergate
White House involvement peaks public interest in Watergate
Nixon dismisses White House counsel John Dean; others resign
Nixon denies Watergate involvement on TV; appoint Elliot Richardson attorney general
Senator Samuel J. Ervin heads investigative committee
Startling Testimony
Dean declares Nixon involved in cover-up
Alexander Butterfield says Nixon tapes presidential conversations
Continued…
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13. The Cover-Up Unravels (continued)
Lesson 2
The Cover-Up Unravels (continued)
The Saturday Night Massacre
Special prosecutor Archibald Cox subpoenas tapes; Nixon refuses
Nixon orders Cox fired, attorney general Elliot Richardson refuses
Saturday Night Massacre: Richardson resigns; deputy attorney general refuses, fired
Cox’s replacement, Leon Jaworski, also calls for tapes
Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, revealed he accepted bribes
Nixon nominates Gerald Ford, Congress confirms Ford as vice-president
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14. Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall LESSON 2
The Fall of a President
March 1974, grand jury indicts 7 presidential aides
charges: conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury
Nixon Releases the Tapes
Nixon tells TV audience he is releasing edited transcripts
July 1974, Supreme Court rules unanimously Nixon must surrender tapes
Nixon maintains that he has done nothing wrong; “I am not a crook.”
The President Resigns
House Judiciary Committee approves 3 articles of impeachment
formal accusation of wrongdoing while in office
charges: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress
Nixon releases tapes; show he knows of administration role, cover up
Before full House votes on impeachment, Nixon resigns
Continued…
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15. The Fall of a President (continued)
Lesson 2
The Fall of a President (continued)
The Effects of Watergate
25 members of administration convicted, serve prison terms
Public and media develop cynicism about public officials
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16. The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
The Ford and Carter administrations attempt to remedy the nation’s worst economic crisis in decades.
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17. The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Ford Travels a Rough Road
Gerald R. Ford urges country to move on from Watergate scandal
“A Ford, Not a Lincoln”
Ford’s pardon of Nixon loses much public support
Economic challenges dominate Ford’s presidency
Ford tries to “Whip” Inflation
WIN program; unsuccessfully asks public to cut back use of oil, gas, save energy
“Tight money” policy; cuts government spending, urges higher interest to restrict credit
triggers recession
Ford fiscal conservative, but approves increases in spending, tax cuts
unemployment falls, inflation decreases
Continued…
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18. Ford Travels a Rough Road (continued)
Lesson 3
Ford Travels a Rough Road (continued)
Ford Pushes for a Streamlined Government
Continually battles Democratic Congress with own economic agenda
vetoes more than 50 bills
Ford wants to curb government regulation; more than 90 federal agencies
Make regulation more efficient
Replace some regulation with antitrust enforcement
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19. The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Carter Enters the White House
Republicans divided over Ford; Democrats run unknown Jimmy Carter
Mr. Cater Goes to Washington
Carter promises to restore integrity to presidency
defeats Ford by narrow margin
Has down-to-earth style; holds “fireside chats” on radio, TV
Does not make deals with Congress; relies on Georgia advisers
Both parties in Congress join to sink Carter budgets, major reforms
Carter Confronts Energy Crisis
Carter offers energy proposals; oil-, gas-producing states, auto makers resist
National Energy Act—encourages conservation, U.S. energy sources
By 1979, National Energy Act, conservation cut foreign oil dependence
Continued…
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20. Carter Enters the White House (continued)
Lesson 3
Carter Enters the White House (continued)
The Economic Crisis Worsens
Violence in Middle East creates fuel shortage; OPEC raises prices
Carter tries various methods, none work; gives “malaise” speech
1980, inflation 14%, standard of living drops; people lose confidence
A Changing Economy
From 1950s automation, foreign competition reduce manufacturing jobs
Service sector expands, higher paying jobs require education, skills
Growing foreign economies cut into U.S. markets; hurt auto industry
Carter and Civil Rights
Carter hires more African Americans, women than previous presidents
Many civil rights groups disappointed because few laws passed
1978, Bakke case, Supreme Court strikes affirmative action quotas
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21. The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Cultural Shifts in the 1970s
American media confronts lingering social issues
Television Reflects American Life
TV programming begins to reflect American life and society
confront racial issues and economic inequality
Minorities and women appear on TV as main characters
The Computer Age Begins
1940s–1950s, engineers develop smaller more powerful computers
1971, first microprocessor, less than one inch in size
1974, first personal computers
1970s, Microsoft, Apple make advances in software, hardware
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22. The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
A Human Rights Foreign Policy
Carter rejects the philosophy of realpolitik; commits to human rights.
Efforts for Human Rights
Carter’s foreign policy promotes human rights—basic freedoms
establishes Bureau of Human Rights in the State Department
Cuts off aid to some, not all, allies that mistreat own citizens
Transfer of the Panama Canal
Panamanians resent having country split in two by foreign power
1977, treaty gives control of canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999
Agreements improve relations between U.S., Latin America
Continued…
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23. A Human Rights Foreign Policy (continued)
Lesson 3
A Human Rights Foreign Policy (continued)
The Mariel Boatlift
Open-door policy for Cuban refugees coming to U.S.
1980, Fidel Castro opens port of Mariel, Cuba, to any wishing to leave
125,000 Cubans crowd onto boats headed for U.S.
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24. The Ford and Carter Years LESSON 3
Triumph and Crisis in the Middle East
Carter Administration confronts troubles in Middle East
The Camp David Accords
1978, Carter hosts talks between Anwar el-Sadat, Menachem Begin
Camp David Accords forge peace between Israel, Egypt:
Israel withdraws from Sinai Peninsula
Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist
The Iran Hostage Crisis
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini leads overthrow of shah
— establishes Islamic state
Carter supports shah; allows him entry to U.S. for cancer treatment
Students seize U.S. embassy, take 52 hostages; demand shah back
Carter refuses; standoff ensues; intense secret negotiations follow
Captives released Jan. 1981, shortly after Ronald Reagan sworn in
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25. A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
Conservatism reached a high point with the election in 1980 of President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George Bush.
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26. A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
The Conservative Movement Builds
Entitlement programs provide guaranteed benefits to specific groups
high cost of programs, stories of fraud upset taxpayers
Some Americans frustrated at civil rights rulings, such as busing
The New Right
New Right—collection of grass-roots groups promoting single social issues
Many oppose affirmative action—special consideration for women, minorities
say it’s reverse discrimination; assault on traditional values
The Conservative Coalition
Business, religious, other groups form conservative coalition
Conservative periodicals, think tanks discuss, develop policies
Goals are small government, family values, patriotism, national defense, business
Continued…
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27. The Conservative Movement Builds (continued)
Lesson 4
The Conservative Movement Builds (continued)
The Moral Majority
1970s, religious revival uses TV, radio; strong among fundamentalists
Jerry Falwell’s Moral Majority—Christians for traditional morals
Continued…
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28. A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
Conservatives Win Political Power
Ronald Reagan wins 1980 Republican nomination; George H. W. Bush is running mate
Reagan’s Qualifications
Tours country making speeches for free enterprise, against big government
Reagan served 2 terms as governor of California
The 1980 Presidential Election
Reagan runs on conservative issues, weak economy, Iran crisis
Called Great Communicator: can simplify issues, give clear answers
Gets 51% popular vote, 44 states; Republican also get Senate majority
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29. A Conservative Movement Emerges LESSON 4
Conservatives Victories in 1984 and 1988
Reagan forges large coalition of diverse groups: businesspeople, Southerners, Westerners, Reagan Democrats
The 1984 Presidential Election
Democrat Walter Mondale chooses Geraldine Ferraro as running mate
first woman on major party’s presidential ticket
Reagan, Bush win by landslide
The 1988 Presidential Election
Most Americans economically comfortable; attribute comfort to Reagan, Bush
Republican candidate George H.W. Bush stresses conservatism; promises “no new taxes”
Gets 53% popular vote, 426 electoral votes; negative adds blamed for low voter turnout
Victory seen as conservative mandate
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30. Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Presidents Reagan and Bush pursued a conservative agenda. It included tax cuts, budget cuts, and increased spending, during an era of serious social problems.
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31. Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
“Reaganomics” Takes Over
Reagan works to reduce size and influence of federal government
Budget Cuts
Maintains entitlement programs that benefit middle class
Cuts by 10% programs that benefit poor, urban population
Increases in military spending offset cuts in social programs
1981–1984, defense budget almost doubles; arms race with Soviets
Tax Cuts
Reaganomics based on Supply-side economics holds that lower taxes result in:
investment, greater productivity, more supply, lower prices
Economic Recovery Act of 1981, Congress decreases taxes by 25% over 3 years
largest tax cuts to highest incomes
Reagan: wealth will “trickle-down”
Continued…
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32. “Reaganomics” Takes Over (continued)
Lesson 5
“Reaganomics” Takes Over (continued)
Recession and Recovery
July 1981–Nov. 1982, worst recession since Great Depression
Early 1983 consumer spending fuels economic upturn:
more consumer confidence; decrease in inflation, unemployment
1987, market crashes, then recovers, continues up
Savings and Loan Crisis
1970s–1980s, economic downturns create problems for S&Ls
By 1989, 1,000 S&Ls forced to close; S&L crisis costs government, taxpayers $120 billion
The National Debt Climbs
Spending outstrips revenues; new 1982 taxes do not balance budget
National debt almost doubles by end of Reagan’s first term
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33. Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Reagan’s Policy Goals
Reagan uses conservative principles to reshape Supreme Court, regulation
Judicial Power Shifts to the Right
Reagan appoints Sandra Day O’Connor first woman justice
Other Reagan, Bush appointments make Court more conservative
Clarence Thomas confirmed after sexual harassment hearings
Court places restrictions on civil rights, abortion
Deregulation of the Economy
Reagan reduces government size and power through deregulation
Cuts budget of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ignores pleas from Canada about acid rain
Interior Dept. permits more oil drilling, lumbering, coal mining
sells millions of acres of public lands
Continued…
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34. Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Social Concerns
1980s, Beneath the surge of prosperity lay serious social problems
Health Issues
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) caused by virus
— destroys immune system, makes body prone to infections, cancer
1980s, epidemic grows; increasing concern over prevention, cure
Abortion
1980s, battle over abortion intensifies
opponents pro-life; supporters pro-choice
1989, Supreme Court rules states may place restrictions on abortion
Drug Abuse
Reagan administration prosecutes drug users, dealers
First Lady Nancy Reagan has “Just say no!” to drugs campaign
Continued…
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35. Social Concerns (continued)
Lesson 5
Social Concerns (continued)
Education
1983 commission: U.S. students lag behind students in other nations
Commission recommends:
merit raises for teachers
emphasis on core subject areas
more homework, long school days, extend school year
The Urban Crisis
Cities deteriorate as whites move to suburbs; businesses follow
By 1992, thousands in cities homeless; cities divided economically
High Cost of Space Exploration
1970s, public interest in NASA wanes
1981, NASA launches space shuttle program
1983, Sally Ride first American woman in Space; Guion Bluford first African American
1986, Challenger disaster threatens future of space shuttle program
1988, space shuttles resume flight
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36. Reagan and Bush Confront Domestic Concerns LESSON 5
Bush’s Domestic Policies
Bush hurt by rising deficit, recession of 1990–1992
Bush initiative calls for using public money for school choice
Signs the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Clean Air Act Amendments
Forced to raise taxes despite campaign promise
1992, approval rating drops to 49%
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37. Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
New pressures, including the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the new role of the U.S. as the world’s only superpower, affected foreign policy under Reagan and Bush.
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38. Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
Foreign Policy in Africa and Asia
President Reagan, Bush had to make decisions about intervention in Africa, Asia
Apartheid in South Africa
Reagan turned to “constructive engagement” to confront apartheid in South Africa
maintain business ties; offer incentives for reform
Congress overrides Reagan veto to pass Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
1994, Bush works with F.W. De Klerk to peacefully end apartheid
Communism Continues in China
1980s, China loosens business restrictions, stops price controls
Students demand free speech, voice in government
1989, demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square, other cities
Premier Li Peng orders military to crush protesters
unarmed students killed
U.S. condemns China’s actions, imposes some sanctions
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39. Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
Central America and Caribbean Policy
U.S. opposes left-leaning governments in Central America and Caribbean
Nicaragua
1979, Sandinistas take over Nicaragua; Carter sends them aid
1981, Reagan calls them communists; helps Contras—opposition forces
Congress passes Boland Amendment, banning aid to Contras
1990, Contra supporter Violeta de Chamorro elected president
Grenada
Pro-Cuban government takes control of the island
1983 Reagan sends troops; government replaced
Panama
Bush sends troops to arrest dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega
Noriega convicted of drug trafficking in U.S., sentenced to 40 years
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40. Foreign Policy Under Reagan and Bush LESSON 6
Middle East Trouble Spots
The ever-shifting Middle East drew the U.S. into conflict, scandal, and war
Tragedy in Lebanon
Muslim and Christian factions battle for control of Lebanon
1982, Israel invades Lebanon to stop attacks from PLO
1983, international peacekeepers, including U.S. troops, arrive in Lebanon
Oct. 1983, 241 U.S. marines die from bomb attack on barracks
The Iran-Contra Scandal
1983, terrorists loyal to Iran take Americans hostage in Lebanon
Reagan says no negotiating with terrorists, but sells arms for hostages
staff diverts some profits to Contras; violate Boland Amendment
1987, Congress holds televised hearings
1988, several staffers indicted; 1992, Bush pardons Reagan officials
Continued…
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41. Middle East Trouble Spots (continued)
Lesson 6
Middle East Trouble Spots (continued)
The Persian Gulf War
Iran-Iraq War leaves Saddam Hussein with great war debt
— 1990, invades Kuwait to take its oil, threatens U.S. oil supply
Bush, Secretary of State James Baker organize international coalition
1991, Operation Desert Storm liberates Kuwait from Iraq
Victory parades greet returning soldiers
Under 400 coalition casualties; 100,000 Iraqi deaths
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