1. The Second Continental Congress

2. The British Are Coming . . .
Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.

3. The Shot Heard ’Round the World! Lexington & Concord – April 18,1775

4. The Atmosphere at the Meeting
Some delegates were militant radicals
Example: John Adams
Colonies declare independence
Establish a Continental Army and name a general to lead them
Others were more moderate
John Dickinson wanted peaceful reconciliation
Problem remains: militia still camped around Boston

5. Olive Branch Petition Colonies state loyalty to the King
Ask for His help in ending the conflict
King George III proclaims the Colonies in a state of rebellion and hires mercenaries, also blockades the American coast.

6. Second Continental Congress (May 1775)
Called Washington to head colonial army
While not a military genius (he lost more battles than he won), he was trusted implicitly by his soldiers
He refused to be paid, though his records indicate expenses of over $100,000
Shrewd political choice by Congress: Virginian, wealthy, aristocratic, above reproach

7. Other Congress Measures
Began printing paper money to pay soldiers
Organized a committee to deal with foreign nations.

8. Following Bunker Hill (costly victory for British), King George III proclaimed colonies in rebellion and hired Hessians to crush rebels
Thomas Paine published Common Sense, a pamphlet selling 120,000 copies.
Appealed to natural law ("an island should not rule a continent")
King George was brutish and undeserving of colonials' respect
America had a moral obligation to the world to be independent and democratic

9. Second Continental Congress declared independence July 2, 1776.
Jefferson headed the committee drafting the written statement. Arguments were based on John Locke's contract theory of government:
All people have natural rights ("Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness")
When a government abuses rights, the people have a right to "alter or abolish" it
King George has acted tyrannically. Long list of wrongs done by King to colonists.
The colonies are independent.
Declaration gave a clear position for rebellious colonists, forcing others to choose rebellion or declare as Loyalists.

11. Reactions to Independence
Public celebrations and demonstrations rang out through the colonies among the patriots
The Women’s reaction
Abigail Adams took care of her children and the business of the farm
Supported independence, championed women’s rights
“…Remember the ladies, and be more generous and favorable to the them than your ancestors”.

12. Loyal Subjects to the King…..Loyalists
Colonial Americans opposed to independence
Also known as Tories affiliated with the political party of Lord North
Attacks made on loyalists in the colonies