1. VOCABULARY Sexual Reproduction Organism Asexual reproduction
Meiosis
Mitosis
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Environment
Organism
Chromosomes
Cell
Heredity
Alleles
Genotype
Phenotype
Punnett squares
Directions:
Copy the following terms in your Journal.
Use them in a relative sentence about genetics.

2. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
SC.7.L.16.3
Compare and contrast the general processes of sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and asexual reproduction requiring mitosis
Learning Goals/Objectives
The students will compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction
The students will list and describe 6 types of asexual reproduction

3. Sexual Reproduction SC.7.L16.3
Involves two parent sex cells that combine to create a zygote.
Each parent cell adds 50% of the genetic material to the offspring.
Each offspring is genetically unique – except for with identical twins
Pollination
Fertilization

4. Asexual Reproduction SC.7.L16.3
Involves one parent cell that divides to create a two new daughter cells.
Each offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell.

5. Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
SC.7.L16.3
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
Parents needed 2 1
DNA of offspring:
unique or identical
Unique DNA
Identical DNA
Advantages
Genetic Diversity which leads to increase in chance of survival
Faster and requires less energy
Disadvantages
Takes more time
and energy
No genetic diversity

6. The Types of Asexual Reproduction

7. Types of Asexual Reproduction
SC.7.L16.3
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission: one cell divides to make two cells found in single celled organisms. (prokaryotes) Budding: an offspring grows out of the body of the parent. Spore: a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new individual if environmental conditions are right.
Vegetative Reproduction: Production of a new plant from a stem or branch. Regeneration: piece of a parent is detached then grows into a new individual. Fragmentation: An organism breaks up into two or more pieces or fragments. The fragments then grow into new organisms.

8. Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
Learning Goals/Objectives
The students will differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis
2. The students will define chromosome, nucleus, parent cell, daughter cell, body cell, and sex cell.

9. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Division of body cells for growth
and repair
Results in 2 daughter cells with
the same number of
chromosomes as the parent
(diploid)
MEIOSIS
Division to create the sex cells
and reduce the number of
chromosomes
Results in 4 daughter cells with
half the number of chromosomes
as the parent (haploid)

10. Meiosis allows for Genetic Variation
The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

11. Organisms have DNA Learning Goals SC.7.L.16.1
Understand and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits, that this hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell, and that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another
Learning Goals
The students will define trait, heredity, chromosome, gene, and DNA molecule
The students will describe the structure of the DNA molecule
3. The students will explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits

12. Chromosomes – Genes - DNA
Chromosomes are made up of genes
Genes are made up of DNA
DNA is a molecule made up of sugar and phosphate groups, and 4 nitrogen bases
adenine thymine
cytosine guanine

13. All matter is composed of atoms……
even DNA!!!

14. Every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits
DNA is the set of instructions that specifies the traits of an organism

15. Punnett Squares and Pedigrees
SC.7.L.16.2 – Determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations using Punnett Squares and pedigrees
Learning Goals/Objectives
The students will learn how to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring when given a single trait test cross
The students will learn how to predict the probabilities of genotype and phenotype when given a Pedigree

16. Punnett Squares Mom’s genotype
A model used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
Dad’s genotype
What will all the offspring look like (phenotype)?

17. Pedigrees
A pedigree shows phenotypes of genetically related family members and can also be used to help determine genotypes.

18. Punnett Square Problem
In humans, the ability to roll one’s tongue is dominant (T) and the inability is recessive (t). If two parents are heterozygous for the tongue rolling trait, what is the probability (chance) that one of their offspring will be able to roll his/her tongue?
Genotype of Each Parent: Tt, Tt T t T
Genotype:
Phenotype: t

19. Punnett Square Problem ANSWER
In humans, the ability to roll one’s tongue is dominant (T) and the inability is recessive (t). If two parents are heterozygous for the tongue rolling trait, what is the probability (chance) that one of their offspring will be able to roll his/her tongue?
Genotype of Each Parent: Tt, Tt T t TT Tt T
Genotype: 25% TT, 50% Tt, 25% tt
Phenotype: 75% chance for ability to roll tongue; 25% chance for absence t Tt tt

20. Review

21. Review
One chromosome
from Mom
One chromosome
From Dad
Alleles are alternate (different) forms of a gene (a section of DNA that codes for a trait)
Each parent contributes one allele for each trait!

22. Review Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes total
For each chromosome pair, one chromosome is inherited from the Mom and one from the Dad

23. Review
Some traits are controlled by dominant alleles = the gene form that is always expressed (shown) if the offspring inherits at least one dominant allele from a parent
Some traits are controlled by recessive alleles = the gene form that is masked (hidden) by the dominant allele, unless the offspring inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent

24. Review
If an offspring is homozygous for a trait, then the offspring inherited the same form of alleles from each parent
AA = homozygous dominant
ff= homozygous recessive
If an offspring is heterozygous for a trait, then the offspring inherited one of each form of the allele from its parents
Bb= heterozygous
1 chromosome pair with one chromosome inherited from Mom and one from Dad

25. Review
One chromosome
from Mom
One chromosome
From Dad
Alleles are alternate (different) forms of a gene (a section of DNA that codes for a trait)
Each parent contributes one allele for each trait!

26. Review Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes total
For each chromosome pair, one chromosome is inherited from the Mom and one from the Dad

27. Review
Some traits are controlled by dominant alleles = the gene form that is always expressed (shown) if the offspring inherits at least one dominant allele from a parent
Some traits are controlled by recessive alleles = the gene form that is masked (hidden) by the dominant allele, unless the offspring inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent

28. Review
If an offspring is homozygous for a trait, then the offspring inherited the same form of alleles from each parent
AA = homozygous dominant
ff= homozygous recessive
If an offspring is heterozygous for a trait, then the offspring inherited one of each form of the allele from its parents
Bb= heterozygous
1 chromosome pair with one chromosome inherited from Mom and one from Dad

29. Review Ethics of Genetics
SC.7.L16.4
Ethics of Genetics
Review
What is the impact of biotechnology on a individual, society, and environment?
Types of Biotechnology:
Cloning-Using an organisms DNA to make an identical copy
Genetic engineering- applying
Artificial Selection-

30. Cells

31. What is a CELL?
The basic unit of structure (shape, form) and function (job) in all living organisms
Cells – building blocks of all living organisms
Living Organism
These are muscle cells grouped together to make skeletal muscle tissue

32. All living organisms are made of CELLS!
The Cell Theory (1830’s)
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the smallest form of life
All cells come from preexisting cells

33. Some organisms are made up of ONE SINGLE CELL!
Diatoms
Amoeba
Bacteria
Euglena
Paramecium
Notice the DIVERSITY of these single-celled organisms

34. Some organisms are made up of MANY CELLS!
DIVERSITY RULES!!!
Multicellular organisms grow larger and live longer
than single-celled organisms

35. Why are CELLS important?
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. Cells perform life processes so an organism can
survive
growth – cells divide to make more cells so the organism can grow and repair itself
reproduction – cells divide so organisms can make more of their kind
regulation – cells determine what goes into and out of the cell
maintenance – cells take in energy (food) and get rid of wastes

36. How do we classify CELLS?
Prokaryotes – cells without a NUCLEUS (Bacteria, Protists)
Eukaryotes – cells with a NUCLEUS and membrane-bound organelles (Plants, Animals, Fungi)
ALL Prokaryotes are single-celled, but some single-celled organisms can be Eukaryotes