1. Breathing Mechanism
Riley, Jacob, and Blake

2. Pre-Info
Expiration is the release of air from the lungs through the nose or mouth.
Inspiration is the drawing of air into the lungs through the nose or mouth.

3. Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacities

4. Intro To Respiratory Air Volumes
Different volumes of air moving in or out of the lungs are called respiratory volumes.
Measurement of these air volumes is done with a spirometer, this process is called spirometry.
Three of the four respiratory volumes can be measured with a spirometer. (residual volume cannot)

5. Tidal Volume
The total volume of air that travels throughout the airways and alveoli(tiny air sacs within the lungs) during a respiratory cycle.
On a normal inspiration about 500 mL of air is taken in, roughly the same amount of air is expirated.
500 mL is the average resting tidal volume, or the normal tidal volume in the absence of exercise or other conditions.

6. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (complemental air)
The maximum amount of extra air that can be purposefully be drawn into the lungs in addition to a normal inspiration.
This totals to around 3000 mL of air, not including the tidal volume already taken in.

7. Expiratory Reserve Volume (supplemental air)
The maximum amount of air that can be purposefully be exhaled from the lungs in addition to a normal expiration.
This totals to around 1100 mL of air, not including the also released tidal volume.

8. Residual Volume
Volume of air that remains within the lungs even after a maximum expiratory effort.
This amounts to about 1200 mL.
Residual volume cannot be measured with a spirometer because it remains still inside your lungs. Special gas dilution techniques must be used to measure residual volume. (Gas container test)

9. Intro To Air Capacities
There are four respiratory capacities, these are calculated by adding two or more respiratory volumes together.

10. Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of air one can exhale after the deepest breath possible.
Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume combined.
3000 mL mL mL = Vital Capacity
4600 mL

11. Inspiratory Capacity
The maximum volume of air a person can inhale after a resting expiration.
Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume combined.
500 mL mL = Inspiratory Capacity
3500 mL

12. Functional Residual Capacity
Volume of air that remains in the lungs following a resting expiration.
Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume combined.
1100 mL mL = Functional Residual Capacity
2300 mL

13. Total Lung Capacity
The total volume of air that the lungs can withhold.
Vital capacity, and residual volume combined.
4600 mL mL = Total Lung Capacity
5800 mL

14. Spirometry In Depth
Can help to diagnose various lung conditions, most often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
It does not always rule out some forms of lung disease, such as asthma
Height and weight will be measured, then the patient will breathe into a spirometer (with the nose clipped), and then will exhale completely.
Measures amount and speed of expiration.

15. Spirometry In Depth (Part 2)
A normal, restrictive, or obstructive pattern is indicated through the test.
Obstructive patterns normally indicate diseases that narrow airways such some types of asthma and COPD.
Restrictive patterns often show that there is some sort of lung deformity or scarring.

16. Anatomic Dead Space
Some of the air, entered through the respiratory tract, does not reach the alveoli.
About 150 mL of air gets stuck in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
Gases can not be exchanged through these walls and thus it is called the Anatomic Dead Space.

17. Alveolar Dead Space
Sometimes, due to poor blood flow in adjacent capillaries, alveoli in some regions of the lungs do not function correctly. This creates Alveolar Dead Space.
It represents space in the alveoli that does not participate in oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange.

18. Physiological Dead Space
The Anatomic Dead Space and Alveolar Dead Space combined.
Most commonly the Anatomic and Physiological Dead Spaces are the same in volume. (150 mL)

19. Alveolar Ventilation

20. Minute Ventilation
Volume of air moved into respiratory passages each minute
minute volume = tidal volume * breathing rate
For Example: If the tidal volume is 500 mL and the breathing rate is 12 breaths per minute, the minute ventilation would be 6,000 mL per minute
Much of the new air remains in the physiologic dead space

21. Alveolar Ventilation Rate
Alveolar ventilation rate is the more important rate
It affects the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli
This concentration is also important for gas exchange with the blood

22. Alveolar Ventilation Rate
Since all air doesn’t make it to the alveoli, the alveolar ventilation rate is calculated by subtracting the physiologic dead space by the tidal volume and then multiplying by the breathing rate.
Example:
500 mL (tidal volume) mL (dead space) = 350 mL
350 mL * 12 breaths per minute = 4,200 mL per minute

23. Nonrespiratory Air Movements

24. Reflexes
Reflexes are usually the cause for nonrespiratory air movements.

25. Coughing
Mechanism: A deep breath is taken, glottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure; suddenly the glottis opens and sends the air bursting upward.
Function: To clear the lower respiratory passages

26. Sneezing
Mechanism: It’s the same as coughing, but when the air bursts upward, the uvula depresses causing the air to pass through the nasal cavity.
Function: Clear the upper respiratory passages

27. Laughing Mechanism: Deep breath released in short expirations
Function: Express happiness

28. Crying
Mechanism: Same as laughing
Function: Express sadness

29. Hiccuping
Mechanism: Diaphragm contracts spasmodically while the glottis is closed
Function: No known function

30. Yawning Mechanism: Deep breath in
Function: There are some hypotheses but no function

31. Analogy: The Not-So-Average High School Parking Lot
(Nonrespiratory Air Movements)

51. Maladies

52. COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a group of inflammatory diseases that cause obstructed airflow of the lungs.
Two main types are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Symptoms include breathing difficulty, coughing, mucus production and wheezing.
Mostly caused by long-term exposure to gases, most commonly cigarette smoke.

53. Emphysema Progressive, degenerative disease Destroys alveolar walls
Decreases total surface area of alveoli
Alveolar walls lose elasticity
Capillary networks of alveoli also diminish

54. Emphysema 3% of the 2 million people in the US inherit the condition
Most have a defective enzyme
Majority of cases are due to smoking or other respiratory irritants
Type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

55. Asthma Harder to force air out of lungs Narrowed air passageways
Increase in asthma in US
Due to a too-clean environment
Children raised with cats or dogs have less of a chance to develop asthma
Hygiene Hypothesis- association of a primed immune system with lower risk of developing asthma

56. Bronchial Asthma Allergic reaction to foreign antigens in the airways
Pollen or material on dust mites
Mucus normally will trap these allergens
Allergens irritate smooth muscle causing bronchoconstriction
Breathing becomes difficult

57. Please Breathe With Clarity
THANKS FOR RELISHING
Please Breathe With Clarity