1. Taxonomy Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Cephalochordata- amphioxus or lancelet
Subphylum Urochordata- tunicates or sea squirts
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Agnatha- jawless and cartilaginous, hagfish and lamprey
Class Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous, sharks and rays
Class Osteichthyes- bony fish
Class Amphibia- cecilians, salamanders, frogs, toads
Class Reptilia- snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, crocodiles, tuataras
Class Aves- birds
Class Mammalia- dogs, cats, lions, horses, cows, bears, giraffes, elephants, monkeys, kangaroos, humans, platypus, mice, beavers, seals, sea lions, walruses, whales, dolphins, porpoises, manatees, dugongs, anteaters, armadillos, sloths, bats, shrews, moles, hedgehogs…
Fish
Cold Blooded (Ectotherm)
Warm Blooded (Endotherm)

2. Fish

5. Class Osteichthyes Vast majority of fish
Have some bony parts in their skeletons
Typical flat, spindle-shaped body
Great variety in shape and size

6. Support Bony skeletons
cartilage hardened by mineral deposits like calcium
Harder and much more support than cartilage
Usually the vertebral column and skull are bone
Ribs, pectoral, and pelvic girdles often cartilage

7. Movement Whiplike motion of tail and body projects fish through water
Wavy muscular bands along trunk and tail attached to skeleton
Friction reducing shape
Smooth scales

8. Movement Body Covering
Overlapping scales- scales grow along with the body
Special glands underneath scales secrete slimy mucus that covers the exterior of the fish
Waterproofing
Protection from parasites
Lubrication for movement through water

9. Movement
Air bladder (swim bladder)- thin walled sac in the body cavity that enables the fish to control its depth
Fills with gases to rise
Releases gases to sink

10. Fins Two sets of paired fins usually Unpaired fins
Pectoral fins, anterior and lateral
Pelvic fins, below and slightly behind pectoral fins
Unpaired fins
Anterior dorsal fin- usually supported by sharp spines
Posterior dorsal fin- generally smaller and softer
Anal fin- ventral, behind anal opening
Caudal fin- extreme posterior end
Stabalize- keep fish upright

11. Digestion Food Plankton Worms Insects Plants Fish
Varying teeth and mouths depending on what they eat and from where
Food
Plankton
Worms
Insects
Plants
Fish
Pharyngeal teeth

12. Digestion Mouth Throat- flexible Pharynx Short esophagus
Saclike stomach- for storage
Short intestine- where digestion occurs
Anus

13. Digestion Accessory Organs
Pyloric ceca- short tubes at junction of stomach and intestine, secrete digestive enzymes
Liver- secretes bile that aids in digestion of fats
Gallbladder- stores excess bile
Pancreas- secretes digestive enzymes

14. Respiration
Operculum- plate behind eye on each side of head, covers gills
Closes operculum
Draws water in through mouth
Opens operculum
Water is forced over gills

15. Circulation 2 chambered heart Posterior and ventral to the gills
Atrium- receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues
Atrium passes blood to ventricle
Ventricle- muscular chamber, pumps blood through arteries to gills

16. Nervous System Brain Spinal cord
Olfactory sacs- small pouches behind the nostrils on the fish’s snout, can detect substances dissolved in water

17. Reproduction Mostly oviparous- eggs laid then fertilized externally
Female- pair of ovaries, produce eggs, sometimes hundreds of thousands of eggs
Males- testes, produce sperm
Female spawns- lays eggs
Male covers eggs with milt- milky fluid containing sperm
Embryo in egg usually develops atop a ball of food material called yolk

18. Camouflage
Chromatophores- branched cells responsible for producing some of the pigments that color fish
Countershading- upper half is dark, lower half is light
Flounder- Kings of Camouflage
Giant Grouper
Flounder