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2. Elsevier – Marine Policy 34 (2010) 1215-1225
Whose Sustainability?
Top-down Participation and Emergent Rules In Marine Protected Area Management in Indonesia
Authors:
Marion Glaser, Wasisini Baitoningsih, Sebastian C.A. Ferse, Muhammad Neil and Rio Deswandi, 2010.
Elsevier – Marine Policy 34 (2010)
Presented by: Agustin Capriati
IPB, 3 June 2015

3. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
Introduction
Marine Protected Area
Community based
Emergent rules
Methodology
Result and discussion
Conclusion
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

4. Indonesia’s coral reefs
Source: (Allen, 2008)
High
Low
Coral Triangle
Purwanto,2010
National Wildlife Federation, science20.com
Indonesia’s coral reef is located in epicenter of coral triangle which has highest biodiversity on earth
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

5. 21.75% ≈ 51.000 km2 Food security Fisheries
Total Coral Reef in 21 Tropical Countries in The World
21.75% ≈ km2
Countries
Among 21 tropical countries, Indonesia has km2 coral reef cover or one fifth in the total.
Coral reef provide fisheries on account increase CPUE and sustainability of food security. Therefore, coral reef should be managed effectively by using Marine Protected Area
Source: Wilkinson, 2002
Food security
Fisheries
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

6. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
Marine Protected Area
IUCN:
“a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and management, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values ”
“Status” Coral Triangle MPAs (WRI 2012 and CT Atlas)
*Handoko, PPT, MST 2014
According to IUCN definition MPA is clearly define legal or local which has effective means to achieve long term conservation. However, in many areas of the globe in Indonesia status coral triangle MPAs clearly that not effective and partially effective are dominated because local customary management is absent or inadequate.
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

7. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
Marine Protected Area
IUCN:
“a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and management, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values ”
Formal MPAs
Community based
Ferse, et al.
Combination between:
Ferse et al, suggest that a combination of formal MPAs and community based will provide more effective protected area management.
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

8. Objectives 1. To implement community-based no take areas (NTA)
2. Proceed to identify other approaches and rationales for ecosystem use and protection and management
3. Analyses some of the principles to asses how formal MPA design might integrated with community approach
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

9. Focus Group Discussion (age, sex and socio-economic)
Methodology
Research excursions
In-depth interviews
Larger open meetings
Focus Group Discussion
(age, sex and socio-economic)
Participant observation
Include:
1) Demographic history, 2) local economy including fisheries, 3) local leadership, society, values, culture and ecological 4) social-ecological and 5) technical knowledge
Photos source:
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

10. Methodology Maps of the study area, locations of the research area
Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi
Sept 2008-Feb 2009
Research excursion objectives were to explore seasonally, spatial dynamic and social network dynamics => focus group different by age, sex and socio-economic status
Research excursion,
Macrh 2009
May-June, 2009
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

11. Result and Discussion 1. Marine Protected Area (MPA) and
No Take Area (NTA)
Community-based Marine Protected Area (CB-MPA)
Management action - conservation
MPA in IUCN only consider management actions which results in conservation.
Meanwhile according to COREMAP MPA explicitly aims to facilitate the community role with the concept district-level marine area management.
District-level marine area management
(Prohibit all fisheries activity and declared one NTA per village )
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

12. Result and Discussion 1. Organizational structure CB-MPA
Organizational structure of COREMAP CB-MPA and has three levels of community workers: 1) SETO, 2) Community Facilitator, Fasilitator masy (FM) and 3) Village motivator, motivator desa (MD). However, some of them still fishing in NTAs because the rules were not crafted by local people
The rules were not crafted by local people
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

13. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
Result and Discussion 1.
CM-MPA COREMAP Status
n= 238
The level of local knowledge about CB-MPAs was low, according to the interviews result shows that
The 47% “aware of NTA establishment” include the “guided” answer of people who were not necessarily involved in COREMAP (n=238).
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

14. Result and Discussion SEVERAL PROBLEMS 1. Formal CM-MPA COREMAP Status
Clear agreements on boat maintenance did not exist
COREMAP grants were used for pier rehabilitation/had no direct relation to coral reef
Miss communication among COREMAP structure
Some problem that was found due to research are:
Long-term commitment beyond a project was rare
The boundaries of the designated CM-MPA were unclear
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

15. Result and Discussion 2.
Effective, Non-Formal ways of marine area protection
Existed In Spermonde, But:
Outside the COREMAP programme
by using other approaches
Incidental protection
Traditions, myths and taboos
Influential interest in favor of conservation
The authors found that there was non-formal ways which affective in Spermonde island, but outside the COREMAP program, using other approaches:
Incidental protection: mini-trawl do not go to CB-MPA, afraid to damage their nets on the coral, It is too close to mainland (illegal method, police)
Tradition: Penjaga laut (guardian of the reef) – fishing trip have to permission to Penjaga laut, myths: hantu laut (sea ghost)
New emergent rules
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

16. Result and Discussion 3. Newly emergent rules:
the emergence of non-formal to deal with change is particularly strong influence on social-ecological change patterns.
Newly emergent rules:
1. Emerging territoriality in fishing
3. Island exclusion zones
2. emerging rules surrounding blast fishing
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

17. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
Conclusion
Parallel institutional approaches in marine conservation and management: distributive justice, transparency and representativeness, local culture, comprehensive participation, linking knowledge system and local emergent rules will provide better MPA
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018

18. Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
Thank You
By: Agustin Capriati
Journal Seminar represented by Agustin Capriati
11/11/2018