1. CHEMICAL ENGINEEERING
FILTERATION
METHODS & TECHNIQUES
FILTER MEDIA
FILTER AID
EXAMPLES

2. FILTER PRESS
TYPES OFND FRAME FILTER
ROTARY DRUM FILTER
TYPES OF FLUIDS
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
NON COMPRESSIBLE FLUID

3. NEWTONIAN FLUID
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
TYPES OF PUMPS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
RECIPROCATING PUMP
ROTARY PUMP

4. FILTERATION
Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate

5. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF FILTERATION
There are several filtration techniques depending on the desired outcome namely, hot, cold and vacuum filtration. Some of the major purposes of getting the desired outcome are, for the removal of impurities from a mixture or, for the isolation of solids from a mixture
HOT FILTERATION
COLD FILTERATION
VACCUM FILTERATION

6. FILTER MEDIA
Two main types of filter media are employed in laboratories: a surface filter, a solid sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid of filter paper (e.g. Büchner funnel, Belt filter, Rotary vacuum-drum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen filter) and a depth filter, a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid particles, i.e. the residue, to be collected intact the second type does not permit this. However, the second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped.

7. FILTER AID
They are composed primarily of silica. Also used are wood cellulose and other inert porous solids such as the cheaper and safer perlite.
The use of filter aids is usually limited to cases where the cake is discarded or where the precipitate can be chemically separated from the filter

8. EXAMPLES OF FILTERATION
The coffee filter to keep the coffee separate from the grounds.
HEPA filters in air conditioning to remove particles from air.
Belt filters to extract precious metals in mining.
Horizontal plate filter, also known as Sparkler filter.
Furnaces use filtration to prevent the furnace elements from fouling with particulates.
Pneumatic conveying systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow of material that is transported, through the use of a baghouse.
In the laboratory, a Büchner funnel is often used, with a filter paper serving as the porous barrier.
In the kidney, renal filtration is the filtration of blood in the glomerulus, followed by selective reabsorbtion of many substances essential for the body to maintain homeostasis

9. FILTER PRESS
An industrial filter press is a tool used in separation processes, specifically to separate solids and liquids. The process uses the principle of pressure drive, as provided by a slurry pump. Among other uses, filter presses are utilized in marble factories in order to separate water from mud in order to reuse the water during the marble cutting process.
CONCEPT BEHIND FILTER PRESS- the slurry that will be separated is injected into the center of the press and each chamber of the press is filled.[1] Optimal filling time will ensure the last chamber of the press is loaded before the mud in the first chamber begins to cake. As the chambers fill, pressure inside the system will increase due to the formation of thick sludge.[2] Then, the liquid is strained through filter cloths by force using pressurized air, but the use of water could be more cost-efficient in certain cases, such as if water was re-used from a previous process.

10. TYPES OF FILTER PRESSES
Plate and frame filter press
Automatic filter press
Recessed plate filter press

11. PLATE & FRAME FILTER
A plate and frame filter press is the most fundamental design, and many now refer it as a "membrane filter plate". This type of filter press consists of many plates and frames assembled alternately with the supports of a pair of rails. The presence of a centrifuge pump ensures the remaining suspended solids do not settle in the system, and its main function is to deliver the suspension into each of the separating chambers in the plate and frame filter. For each of the individual separating chambers, there is one hollow filter frame separated from two filter plates by filter cloths. The introduced slurry flows through a port in each individual frame, and the filter cakes are accumulated in each hollow frame. As the filter cake becomes thicker, the filter resistance increases as well. So when the separating chamber is full, the filtration process is stopped as the optimum pressure difference is reached. The filtrate that passes through filter cloth is collected through collection pipes and stored in the filter tank. Filter cake (suspended solid) accumulation occurs at the hollow plate frame, then being separated at the filter plates by pulling the plate and frame filter press apart. The cakes then fall off from those plates and are discharged to the final collection point.
Cake discharge can be done in many ways. For example: Shaking the plates while they are being opened or shaking the cloths. A scraper can also be used, by moving from one chamber to another and scraping the cake off the cloth. At the end of each run, the cloths are cleaned using wash liquid and are ready to start the next cycle

12. ROTARY DRUM FILTER
the main process in a rotary vacuum drum filter is continuous filtration whereby solids are separated from liquids through a filter medium by a vacuum. The filter cloth is one of the most important components on a filter and is typically made of weaving polymer yarns. The best selection of cloth can increase the performance of filtration. Initially, slurry is pumped into the trough and as the drum rotates, it is partially submerged in the slurry. The vacuum draws liquid and air through the filter media and out the shaft hence forming a layer of cake. An agitator is used to regulate the slurry if the texture is coarse and it is settling rapidly. Solids that are trapped on the surface of the drum are washed and dried after 2/3 of revolution, removing all the free moisture .
During the washing stage, the wash liquid can either be poured onto the drum or sprayed on the cake. Cake pressing is optional but its advantages are preventing cake cracking and removing more moisture. Cake discharge is when all the solids are removed from the surface of the cake by a scraper blade, leaving a clean surface as drum re-enters the slurry . There are a few types of discharge which are scraper, roller, string, endless belt and pre coat. The filtrate and air flow through internal pipes, valve and into the vacuum receiver where the separation of liquid and gas occurs producing a clear filtrate . Pre coat filtration is an ideal method to produce a high clarity of filtrate. Basically, the drum surface is pre coated with a filter aid such as diatomaceous earth (DE) or perlite to improve filtration and increase cake permeability. It then undergoes the same process cycle as the conventional rotary vacuum drum filter however, pre coat filtration uses a higher precision blade to scrape off the cake.

13. TYPES OF FLUID COMPRESSIBLE FLUID INCOMPERESSIBLE FLUID
NEWTONIAN FLUID
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID

14. COMPRESSIBLE FLUID
Compressible flow is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. Gases, mostly, display such behaviour.While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is less than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high- speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive blasting, and many other fields.

15. INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID
In fluid mechanics or more generally continuum mechanics, incompressible flow (isochoric flow) refers to a flow in which the material density is constant within a fluid parcel—an infinitesimal volume that moves with the flow velocity. An equivalent statement that implies incompressibility is that the divergence of the flow velocity is zero (see the derivation below, which illustrates why these conditions are equivalent

16. NEWTONIAN FLUID
Fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called as Newtonian fluids. Newton's law of viscosity is given by
t = mdu/dy
where t = shear stress
m = viscosity of fluid
Du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity gradient
All gases and most liquids which have simpler molecular formula and low molecular weight such as water, benzene, ethyl alcohol, CCl4, hexane and most solutions of simple molecules are Newtonian fluids.

17. NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
Fluids which do not obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called as non-Newtonian fluids.
Generally non-Newtonian fluids are complex mixtures: slurries, pastes, gels, polymer solutions etc.,

18. TYPES OF PUMPS
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
RECIPROCATING PUMP
ROTARY PUMP

19. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
a centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid. A portion of the energy goes into kinetic energy of the fluid. Fluid enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves through all circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser part of the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while passing through the impeller. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the casing decelerates the flow and further increases the pressure.

20. RECIPROCATING PUMP PRINCIPLE: Reciprocating pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a reciprocating motion in a closed fitting cylinder

21. Components of reciprocating pumps:-
a) Piston or plunger: – a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted cylinder. b) Crank and Connecting rod: – crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by a power source. Power source gives rotary motion to crank. With the help of connecting rod we translate reciprocating motion to piston in the cylinder. c) Suction pipe: – one end of suction pipe remains dip in the liquid and other end attached to the inlet of the cylinder. d) Delivery pipe: – one end of delivery pipe attached with delivery part and other end at discharge point. e) Suction and Delivery value: – suction and delivery values are provided at the suction end and delivery end respectively

22. Rotary pump
A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some cases these vanes can have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates. It was invented by Charles C. Barnes of Sackville, New Brunswick, who patented it on June 16, 1874.
Uses
Vane pumps are commonly used as high-pressure hydraulic pumps and in automobiles, including supercharging, power-steering, air conditioning and automatic-transmission pumps. Pumps for mid-range pressures include applications such as carbonators for fountain soft- drink dispensers and espresso coffee machines. Furthermore, vane pumps can be used in low-pressure gas applications such as secondary air injection for auto exhaust emission control, or in low-pressure chemical vapor deposition systems.