1. Human Reproduction
6.6

2. Male Reproductive System

3. The role of testosterone
During week 7 of embryonic development, testosterone intiates the formation of male genitalia
During the midteens testosterone intiates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Increase in muscle mass
Increase in the length of the vocal chords (voice deepens)
Increase in the length of the bones (height)
Spermatogenesis (creation of sperm)
Facial hair

4. Female Reproductive System

5. The menstrual cycle
·The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries

7. Menstruation Phase
(The egg or ovum from the previous cycle was not fertilized)
·The endometrium is shed
- the inner lining of the uterus that becomes highly vascular (rich with blood vessels) so that a fertilized egg can implant.
- break down of blood vessels leads to the menstrual bleeding of a typical cycle.

8. Menstruation Phase
·Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH).
- target tissue of GnRH is the anterior pituitary
·GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
- target tissue of FSH and LH are the ovaries.

9. Preovulatory (Proliferative) Phase
·FSH stimulates the development of a few follicles in the ovary
- Follicles are immature egg cells in the ovaries that are in the process of going through meiosis in order to become oocytes (mature eggs)
·In response to FSH and LH the ovaries produce the hormone estrogen.
- the target tissue of estrogen is the endometrium of the uterus.
- results in endometrium becoming highly vascular.
·Spike in FSH and LH leads to ovulation (release of oocyte from a follicle)

11. Postovulatory (Secretory) Phase
·the outer ring of cells from the ruptured follicle remain in the ovary and become the corpus luteum
- a glandular structure that fills in the 'wound' left by ovulation
- produces progesterone for days after ovulation
·Progesterone targets the uterus to maintain the thickened endometrium
- also provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus to prevent production of GnRH

12. Postovulatory (Secretory) Phase
·If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and ceases production of hormones, causing menstruation
·If fertilization does occur, implantation occurs in the uterus on about the third day after fertilization

14. Overview The menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries
During the menstrual phase, in which the endometrium is shed, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is released from hypothalamus, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
FSH stimulates the development of a few follicles in the ovary

15. Overview
Follicles are cells that are in the process of going through meiosis in order to become oocytes (mature eggs)
During the preovulatory phase, the developing follicles secrete estrogens
The follicle completes maturation due to stimulation by LH and FSH
The postovulatory phase occurs after ovulation, and LH stimulates development of the corpus luteum

16. Overview The corpus luteum produces progesterone, and some estrogens
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and ceases production of hormones, causing menstruation
If fertilization does occur, implanation occurs in the uterus on about the third day after fertilization
Membranes produce hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) which signal pregnancy