1. Week 3: Paradigms of Science
PHILOSOPHY of SCIENCE
Week 3:
Paradigms of Science

2. PARADIGM
PARADIGM
STRUCTURE
Theory
Facts
OBJECTS

3. Isaac Newton’s Paradigmatic Revolution
Aristotelian
Matter
Space
Time
Cause
 Newtonian
Hylomorphism
Atomism
Finite spherical
Infinite
Cyclic, circular
Infinite, linear
4 organic causes
1 mechanical cause

4. Paradigms of Science (implicit philosophical bases of science)
Ontological Paradigms
Epistemological Paradigms
Axiological Paradigms
ICAS Jakarta 2003 4

5. Ontological Paradigms
Materialism
Atomism
Mechanism
ICAS Jakarta 2003 5

6. Ontological Paradigm 1 Materialism
The objects of science are pieces of matter
Matter is the ultimate reality
Mind is a material property
ICAS Jakarta 2003 6

7. Ontological Paradigm 2 Atomism
The objects of science are the sum of parts
The property of material objects is determined by the interactions of parts
There are smallest parts of matter
ICAS Jakarta 2003 7

8. Ontological Paradigm 3 Mechanism
The world is a great machine
The parts of the world are machines
To explain the world, find its mechanisms
ICAS Jakarta 2003 8

9. Epistemological Paradigms
Rationalism
Empiricism
Reductionism
ICAS Jakarta 2003 9

10. Epistemological Paradigm 1 Rationalism
The universe has a rational order
Science find natural laws rationally
Science uses Logics and Mathematics
ICAS Jakarta 2003 10

11. Epistemological Paradigm 2 Empiricism
The source of scientific knowledge is in the senses
Instruments are the extensions of senses and muscles
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12. Epistemological Paradigm 3 Reductionism
The whole is the sum of the parts
The property of the whole is only caused by the interaction of the parts
All systems reduced to machines 12

13. Axiological Paradigm
Neutralism
Humanism
Individualism 13

14. Axiological Paradigm 1 Neutralism
Science is about facts not values
Science is value-free
Science is neutral
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15. Axiological Paradigm 2 Humanism
Science is human knowledge
Science is the highest knowledge
Science is for human welfare
ICAS Jakarta 2003 15

16. Axiological Paradigm 3 Individualism
Science is atomistic
Individual is the atom of society
The ultimate goal of science is the happiness of the individuals
ICAS Jakarta 2003 16

17. EPISTEMOLOGICAL PARADIGM
PARADIGM OF SCIENCE
AXIOLOGICAL PARADIGM
Neutralism
Humanism
Individualism
TEORI
EPISTEMOLOGICAL PARADIGM
Rationalism
Empiricism
FAKTA
Reductionism
ONTOLOGICAL PARADIGM
Materialism
Mechanism
Atomism