2. Carbon Compounds
Section 2.3

3. Bellwork What are the functions of the four groups of macro molecules?
Carbohydrates – source of energy
Lipids – store energy
Nucleic acids – store hereditary and genetic information
Proteins –
Control reaction rates and regulate cell processes
or form cell structures
Or transport things in and out of cells
Or help fight disease

4. Carbon properties
Due to carbon’s 4 valence electrons, carbon can bond with MANY other elements
Most common are
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulphur
Nitrogen
This is the basis for the molecules of life, the basis of all living organisms

5. What compounds contain carbon?
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chalk
Carbon
Sugar
Protein
Crude oil
Alcohol
Fats
Nucleic acids

6. Chains of carbon Acetylene Methane Carbon can also bond with itself
Can give rise to chains of nearly unlimited length
Single, double, or triple covalent bonds
Can also form rings
Millions of possibilities for large and complex structures
Carbon is the most versatile element on earth
Acetylene
Methane

7. Macromolecules Giant molecules 4 major groups of macro molecules
Made of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of giant molecules
Most formed via polymerization
Large compound built by joining smaller ones together
Smaller unit – monomer
Can be identical or different
Larger unit – polymer
4 major groups of macro molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

8. Polymerization = + Two types of polymerization Addition Condensation
Monomers join together with no change in their molecule
Condensation
A small molecule is released when two monomers are joined together
Often water = +

9. Hydrolysis = +
H2O
Both condensation reactions and hydrolysis are extremely common biochemical processes

10. Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen Ratio – 1:2:1
Main source of energy in all living things
Also sometimes used for structural purposes
Breakdown of sugars provides energy
Excess sugars stored in complex carbohydrates – starches
In starch glucose is the monomer

11. Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Glucose most common
Other examples galactose (in milk), fructose (in fruit),
Basic building block of carbohydrates
Sucrose (ordinary sugar) is a disaccharide
Made from combining glucose and fructose – two simple sugars

12. Complex Carbohydrates – polysaccharides
Formed from many monosaccharides
Plants store sugar in a polysaccharide called starch
Stores excess sugar
Cellulose – another examples of a polysaccharide
Also provides strength and rigidity to a plant
Glycogen – example of polysaccharide in humans
How animals store excess sugar - “animal starch”
When we have low blood sugar levels, the body breaks down glycogen to glucose
Glycogen in muscles supplies energy for muscle contraction and movement

13. Lipids Mostly made of carbon and hydrogen Not soluble in water
A large and varied group
Common categories are fats, oils and waxes
Formed from glycerol combing with a fatty acid
Two types of fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated

14. Fatty acids Saturation is related to the number of hydrogen atoms
If it contains the maximum possible number it is saturated
Otherwise it is unsaturated
If the fatty acid contains one C to C double bond it is unsaturated
If it contains more than one C to C double bond it is polyunsaturated
Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature
E.g. Olive oil
Can also help to lower blood cholesterol levels
Data exercise Page 48

15. Nucleic acids Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorous
Made from nucleotides
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

16. Protein Contain nitrogen alongside carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Polymers of molecules called amino acids
Amino acids have
Amino group – NH2
Carboxyl group – COOH
Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together via a condensation reaction

17. Peptide bond formation

18. Protein Functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides
Proteins can:
control the rate of a reaction
regulate cell processes
form important structures
transport substances in or out of cells
help fight disease

19. Structure and Function
More than 20 amino acids are found in nature
All have carboxyl and amino groups
Any amino acid can be joined to another through covalent bonds
Side chain group (R group) provides differences
Gives rise to a large number of different properties and functions
Acidic, basic, polar, non polar….
Information on how amino acids should be assembled is stored In DNA

20. Levels of organization
The shape of a protein is determined by a number of forces
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der waals forces
Shape can be very important for a proteins function
enzyme