1. Robert W. Strayer
Ways of the World: A Brief Global History Second Edition and Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition
CHAPTER 20
Collapse at the Center: World War, Depression, and the Rebalancing of Global Power
1914–1970s
Copyright © 2013 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

3. The First World War: European Civilization in Crisis 1914-1918
European States very competitive
Large armies and navies
Secret alliances
Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy and Austro-Hungarian
Triple Entente – Russia, France and Britain

5. Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June 28, 1914
Austria-Hungary demanded that Serbia answer to the death – set of demands
Serbia refused
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
Serbia asked Russia for help

6. Russia mobilized to help and then Germany joined in with Austria-Hungary
France joined in to help Russia
Later when Germany attacks Belgium, England declared war on Germany
USA will enter this war in the final year

7. New weapons – tanks, airplanes, machine guns, and poison gas
Africa, India, China, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa
Fighting occurred in many nations and labor / soldiers were used from these countries to fight in other places around the world
Ottoman Empire enters war on the side of Germany – became the site of intense fighting which led to the Arab Revolt against Ottoman control

8. In Europe the Machine gun will cause Trench Warfare – stalemate for 4 years
Legacies of the Great War
War end with a defeat of Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
Some battles saw causalities of over a million men

9. Total War – all nations’ resources toward war effort
Germany took control over state economy – war socialism
Propaganda used
The huge amount of the loss of men led to disillusionment among educated men

10. Millions of men returned home and had to be placed into jobs
Suffrage movement revived
In USA Flappers started to show their independence – smoking, dancing and drinking
Consumer society – cars, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, electric irons, gas ovens, and more

11. Face of Europe changed
Collapse of Central powers – new countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and more
In Russia the Bolsheviks (communist) had a revolution and pulled out of the war early
Treaty of Versailles - Ended the war
Punished Germany – took away overseas colonies and parts of country, no military allowed, new government and pay for the cost of the war

12. Ottoman Empire
Thought the Armenians were giving information to the Russians
Massacred about 1 million
Ottoman Empire now Turkey
New states established – Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine
League of Nations formed
Protect nations from aggression – United States never a member

14. Great Depression
Collapse of capitalism
Crash of stock market October
Banks closed, people lost their jobs
Unemployment 25% in USA 30% in Germany

15. United States was the Bankers of the World after WWI
Loaned money to Germany and Austria so they could pay war reparations
France and England owed USA a large debt
some and used war reparations to pay debt
When the collapse happened the money dried up and loans were not paid

16. Africa –Ghana (Gold Coast) famers produced cocoa – crash devastated this economy
Latin American dependent economy also hurt- exports cut in ½
Brazil – economic low led to rebellion -New dictator Getulio Vargas supported by military took steps to modernize the country - Rural poverty continued
Mexico the depression led to Mexican Revolution Lazaro Cardenas
He pushed for land reforms and nationalized oil industry

17. United States
New Deal programs – President Franklin D. Roosevelt
New social programs
Social security, minimum wage, support to unions, aid to farmers, food to needy, and put millions of Americans to work on government jobs

18. Fascist in Europe
Fascism developed in Europe
Nationalistic – purify the nation
Violence against enemies
Citizens place their trust in leadership

19. Condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, democracy, and communism
After WWI some people saw communism and socialism as a threat
With the Great Depression people lost faith in democracies and capitalism
Small fascist movements developed in France, Great Britain, and others with little to no impact

20. Spain – rise in fascism led to a civil war 1936-1939 this new regime lasted until 1970s
Places in Latin America developed some fascist ideals
1 man rule, state controlled political parties, youth organizations and militias
Italy and Germany the movement would establish major power in the states and have a major impact in Europe

21.  Italy unified in 1870
Industrialization in northern Italy led to conflict between working class and middle class
WWI - - gave rise to angry veterans – many unemployed because of depression
And many resentful to the major powers because Italy did not gain any territory as a result of the war
Strikes and land seizures were threatened by communist and socialist parties

22. Benito Mussolini
Supported by an army of veterans and jobless men called Black Shirts
Took power 1922 – bands of Black Shirts destroyed socialist newspapers and attacked striking workers
Fearful of communism, big business supported Mussolini

24. Promised to bring order to Italy
Banned political parties, labor unions
He deported of killed anyone against him
Secret police

25. Mussolini embraced Catholicism
Lateran Accords of 1929 made the Vatican a sovereign state - Catholicism the state religion
Women portrayed in traditional terms – wives and mothers
Ethiopia invaded in 1935
Creates a new empire for Italy (new Roman Empire)
League of Nations condemned this action but did nothing to stop it

26. Hitler and the Nazis
Adolf Hitler
After WWI a new democratic government established – Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles - punished Germany for the war
German people looked to the new government with disgrace
People began to say that Germany did not lose the war but that they were deceived by socialists, communist and Jews

28. The Great Depression – devastated Germany
Massive unemployment – unemployed started to look toward communist, socialist and fascist for solutions
Nazi Party – National Socialist Workers Party
Stressed German racial superiority
Hatred for the Jews

29. Denounced the Versailles Treaty
Hitler was elected Chancellor 1933
Third Reich – 3rd German Empire
Hitler took Germany out of the Great Depression
Put people back to work and had a labor shortage by 1939

30. Mein Kampf (My Struggle) written by Hitler blamed the Jews on Germany’s problems
Hitler’s policies restricted Jewish life
Nuremberg Laws – No citizenship for Jews, not allowed jobs in medicine or education
No sexual relations allowed between Jews and Germans
Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass)

31. Nazi reign of terror against Jews
Smashed and looted Jewish businesses
Women seen as mothers first and glorified for having children
Opposed abortions, contraception, family planning, and sex education
Supported brothels - men / soldiers had needs
Heinrich Himmler a leading official openly encouraged illegitimate births

32. Japanese Authoritarianism
Modern history of Japan paralleled Italy and Germany
All 3 were new comers to great power status
Japan joined this group as it industrialized in the late 19th century
Elected parliament was restricted

33. Emperor – semi divine and close advisors moved Japan toward an authoritarian state
Japan’s economy grew as other nations were involved in WWI
Education expanded, urban consumer society developed, Middle class women entered new professions
Young women called moga (modern girls) short hair, short skirts, went dancing, - Mobo (modern boys)

34. 1918 Rice Riots – millions of people protested rising prices
Japan was moving toward democracy
Hit hard by the depression
World demands for Japan’s good was greatly reduced
Millions of workers unemployed
Families sold daughters into prostitution

35. Radical Nationalism of the Revolutionary Right
Young military officers attracted to this
Supported strong Nationalism - Anti-democratic
Dedicated to commitment to emperor
Territorial expansion
1930’s the military exercised more control
The Meiji leadership quickly took Japan out of the Great Depression

36. Road to War in Asia
WWII began in Asia
1931 Japan gained control of Manchuria
Created a puppet state called Manchukuo
Western powers were angered and Japan responded by withdrawing from the League of Nations
1936 it joined a pact with Italy and Germany

37. 1937 Japan and China were at war
Lacking natural resources – Japan started to gain control of lands in the Pacific
Malaya, Burma, Indonesia, and Philippines

38. Japan attacked the United states at Hawaii on 12-7-1941
Japan felt the United States would restrict its ability to become a dominant world power
The United States entered the war
The war would come to an end in 1945 after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

42. Road to War in Europe
Germany – Nazis promised to not abide by the Versailles Treaty
Germany – is encouraged when the League of Nations (France, England) and Russia do nothing to stop them
Hitler said that Germany needed lebensraum (room to grow)
Germany started to rebuild its military and rearm
Marched into the Rhineland – demilitarized zone

43. 1938 annexed Austria and ½ of Czechoslovakia
Munich Conference – England and France gave Hitler permission to do this – Appeasement
Hitler was told no more would be allowed
September 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland – official start of WWII
Hitler took over France and most of Europe

44. England was attacked and faced destruction – United States intervened and helped the English
Hitler then turned his attention to Russia and millions of Russian would lose their lives
Blitzkrieg –lightning war – quickly took control of most of Europe and parts of Russia
United States entered the war
Enormous resources of USA helped bring this war to an end
Germans were defeated May

46. Outcome of Global Conflict
WWII was the most destructive conflict in world history
60 million deaths
Russia – 40% of the deaths
China 15 million
Japanese killed men, women, children and animals

47. Rape of Nanjing 1937-1938 200,000-300,000 deaths
Countless women were sexually assaulted
Governments used other nation’s people
England – used colonial troops and laborers
Japan forced several thousand women from Korea, China, and elsewhere to take care of sexual needs – comfort women

48. These women often accommodated 20-30 men a day
In the United States women entered the workforce – factories, ship building and other
Rosie the Riveter – represented women working in men’s jobs
Russia – women more than ½ industrial forces and some served in combat

50. Holocaust - Germany’s killing of Jews – final solution - 6 million Jews killed in death camps – Dachau, Auschwitz, and Bergan-Belsen
Slavs, Gypsies and mentally ill or physically handicapped, homosexuals, communists and Jehovah’s Witnesses
After the war Asian and African colonized states achieved independence
China - Communist takeover
United Nations established

52. Recovery of Europe
Much of Europe was in ruins
United States had become the dominant country in the Western World
Marshall Plan – 12 billion given to help rebuild Europe
NATO formed – North Atlantic treaty Organization – defend against Soviet Union

54. Truman Doctrine – promise to aid any country resisting communism
Japan was occupied and forced to adopt a democratic constitution
Japan then started on a path to become the United States friend
Korean War – stop the spread of communism
African American soldiers returning home in the United States will start a Civil Rights movement