1. The Big One Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

2. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Today we are working as a class to know how to achieve 16 marks on the final question on the source exam paper.
The basics:
Question 5 is always asking you to make a judgement about a given statement.
You must use the sources specified in the question.
To get top marks, you must use your own knowledge.
The best answers make a conclusion at the end.
You get marks for quality of written communication.
You have 20 minutes for this question!
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

3. 5 ‘Lister’s antiseptic methods changed surgical practice in a short period of time’. How far do you agree with this statement? Use your own knowledge, Sources A, F and G and any other source you find helpful.
Level marks Generalised answer
Answer offers valid undeveloped comment without direct support from sources or own knowledge.
e.g. Agrees that surgeons quickly adopted the use of carbolic spray. OR
Selects details from the sources, but without direct linkage to the question.
e.g. F says Lister did not cure problems in surgery; G praises Lister
Writing communicates ideas using everyday language and showing some selection of material, but the response lacks clarity and organisation. The student spells, punctuates and uses the rules
of grammar with limited accuracy.
1 mark for each separate point offered.
Level marks Supported answer
Answer offers a judgment on the hypothesis and links to relevant details from sources and/or own knowledge.
e.g .A shows a dramatic difference in survival rates with the use of the carbolic spray; F shows there was opposition from other practitioners and continuing problems; G shows that a German wanted to praise Lister for his work.
Writing communicates ideas using a limited range of historical terminology and showing some skills of selection and organisation of material, but passages lack clarity and organisation. The
student spells, punctuates and uses some of the rules of grammar with general accuracy.

4. Level marks Response focuses on the issue of whether Lister’s methods changed surgery in a short period of time.
Answer offers reasons to explain whether Lister’s new ideas and methods were / were not quickly accepted
e.g. Shows that antiseptic techniques were known in 1868 (Source C) and had spread to Germany by the time of G; shows and that operations moved towards aseptic techniques; shows
that opposition still existed at the end of the 19th century (Source F) and shows that opposition to Lister personally or reluctance to change delayed acceptance of ideas.
Writing communicates ideas using historical terms accurately and showing some direction and control in the organising of material. The student uses some of the rules of grammar appropriately and spells and punctuates with considerable accuracy, although some spelling errors may still be found. At this level the answer will be unbalanced and only points of
agreement or disagreement will be convincingly explored.
Reserve marks for answers which use sources and own knowledge.
NB No access to this level for responses which do not use the
sources.
Level marks Sustained argument, exploring the evidence for and against the hypothesis.
Answer considers the changes made and the speed with which these were adapted in the context of surgery during the period. Own knowledge and material from the sources is precisely
selected to support the points made.
e.g. Weighs the effectiveness of Lister’s methods against the continuing opposition from some surgeons the fact that the rate of progress was not as rapid as might be expected.
Writing communicates ideas effectively, using a range of precisely selected historical terms and organising information clearly and coherently. The student spells, punctuates and uses
the rules of grammar with considerable accuracy, although some spelling errors may still be found.
Reserve for those responses which also take into account the strength of the evidence from the provided sources when coming to an overall conclusion.
NB No access to this level for responses which do not include additional recalled knowledge.

5. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Essay Planning Grid Introduction Agreement with evidence Source evaluation Own knowledge Disagreement with evidence Conclusion
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

6. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Today’s Question:
‘Lister’s antiseptic methods changed surgical practice in a short period of time.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Use your own knowledge, Sources A, F and G and any other sources you find helpful to explain your answer.
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on 16 mark question

7. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Answer plan
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

8. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Step One: Do the sources agree or disagree? Why? Are they reliable? Why? Which quotes would you use. Task: You have been given a specific source to look at. You need to answer the above questions about your source to share with the class.
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question
5 minutes!

9. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Share your answers!
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

10. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Own Knowledge: If you use your own knowledge, it must be relevant to the question!!!
Is this relevant?
“Source F tells us that Lister’s methods had still not changed all surgical practice by 1898, calling the ideas ‘nonsense’ that there were ‘bad results from surgery before Lister’. This reluctance to accept new ideas was typical amongst surgeons, who in spite of Pasteur’s germ theory, still dismissed the benefits of antiseptics possibly because it threatened their livelihood or they could not replicate Lister’s results themselves.”
“Source A shows how Lister saved lives through use of carbolic acid. This meant Lister solved the problem of people catching infection through having riskier operations brought about by the discovery of anaesthetic.”
Own knowledge is most useful when explaining how sources are answering the question!!
You cannot reach more than 12 marks if you do not include your own knowledge!
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

11. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Other sources:
This is optional! Only do this if you think it will add real value to your answer.
You have 1 minute per source. Underline a relevant quote and write ‘for’ or ‘against’ next to the source.
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

12. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Conclusion: Your conclusion should make an overall judgement about whether you agree with the statement and why. Do not introduce new source information here. Start with: “Overall…” or “To conclude…” or “In conclusion…”
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

13. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Sentence Starters
“There is much evidence to suggest that Lister’s antiseptic methods changed surgical practice over a short period of time. For example source …” “From this source we can learn that…” “This source is generally reliable / unreliable because…” “It’s reliability adds strength to the argument that…”
“On the other hand, other sources suggest that Lister’s antiseptic methods did not change surgical practice over a short period of time. Source … tells us that…”
“Overall, although some evidence suggests that …”
“However, it is not as strong evidence as that which shows…”
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

14. How do you feel? Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

15. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Now let’s answer this question!! 20 minutes! Off you go!
20 minutes!
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

16. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Sentence Starters
“There is much evidence to suggest that Lister’s antiseptic methods changed surgical practice over a short period of time. For example source …” “From this source we can learn that…” “This source is generally reliable / unreliable because…” “It’s reliability adds strength to the argument that…”
“On the other hand, other sources suggest that Lister’s antiseptic methods did not change surgical practice over a short period of time. Source … tells us that…”
“Overall, although some evidence suggests that …”
“However, it is not as strong evidence as that which shows…”
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

17. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Swap your answer! Mark your partner’s answer. You must: Explain what they have done well and why it meets the level you have given it. Explain why they have not met the next level and what they must do to improve.
5 minutes!
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

18. Exam Skills: 16 Mark Questions
Read the feedback you have been given. Now mark your answer yourself. Do you agree with the mark you were given. You must write a paragraph explaining if you do or not. Discuss with the answers with your partner!
Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question
5 minutes!

19. Key stages Now add your own knowledge -
By 1890s much of surgery was aseptic!
Operating theatres were rigorously cleaned.
From 1887 all instruments were steam cleaned.
Surgeons stopped wearing their ordinary clothes and wore face masks.
1894 sterilised rubber gloves were used for the first time ever.
Key stages

20. Key stages Now add your own knowledge -
By 1890s much of surgery was aseptic!
Operating theatres were rigorously cleaned.
From 1887 all instruments were steam cleaned.
Surgeons stopped wearing their ordinary clothes and wore face masks.
1894 sterilised rubber gloves were used for the first time ever.
Key stages

21. The road to aseptic surgery…
Louis Pasteur publishes his ideas on germ theory in 1861.
Lister 1864 develops ideas on carbolic spray.
Lister publishes ideas in 1867.
Lister made several developments to his ideas.
Crimean War , role of Florence Nightingale.
By 1890s much of surgery was aseptic! Operating theatres were rigorously cleaned. From 1887 all instruments were steam cleaned. Surgeons stopped wearing their ordinary clothes and wore face masks sterilised rubber gloves were used for the first time ever.
TASK: You need to complete the summary sheet about antiseptics, using the knowledge you have gained from previous lessons.

22. How do you feel? Learning Objective:
To know how to achieve full marks on a 16 mark question

23. In pairs you need to come up with ten questions about anaesthetic, antiseptic, how to answer exam questions and source questions.
These will be collected to form a quiz for the class next week.
You can create questions using individual sources if you wish.
Question Time

24. Homework - Complete the revision sheet on Anaesthetics!
It has been ed to you!
Due in next lesson.
Homework -