1. Investigating Populations1
Abiotic
Groups of interbreeding individuals from a species
Biotic
All the populations of different species interacting in a particular place
Ecosystem
Living components in an environment
Population
A place where a community lives
Species
How an organism fits into the environment- its role
Community
Made up of all the interacting biotic and abiotic factors
Habitat
Non-living components in an environment
Niche
A group of similar organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring
You need to test for:
Abundance:
Frequency:
Percentage cover:
Distribution:

2. Investigating Populations1
Sampling techniques
Random-
Systematic-
Repeat it-
Estimate for whole area-
Pooters:
Pitfall traps:

3. Investigating Populations1
Transect
Line transect:
Belt transect:
Interrupted transect:
Quadrat:
Species frequency
Percentage cover

4. Investigating Populations1
Mark-release-recapture
___________ using appropriate method
___________ with a non-toxic/harmless way e.g. remove fur
_____________ into habitat
After a time period, ___________ from same population
Use equation to ____________ population size
Accuracy of method:
Has the species had sufficient time & opportunity to remix with population?
Has the marking affected species survival? Is the marking still visible?
What population changes have occurred due to births, deaths & migration during the study?
Ethics of fieldwork:

5. Variations in population1
Factors that affect a population size:
Biotic
Abiotic

6. competition 2 Intraspecific competition
Occurs when individuals from __________________________ compete with each other for resources e.g. _______________________ ___________________
Interspecific competition
Occurs when individuals from ___________________________ compete with each other for resources e.g. _________________________ ___________________
If two organisms occupy the same niche and there is a limiting factor to compete for, one species will out compete the other and the less successful species will diminish and eventually be completely removed. This is called the ‘competitive exclusion principle’

7. predation 2 Predator: Adaptations: Prey:
NB: in natural ecosystems, predators and prey normally have more than one source of food, so the fluctuations on population size are less severe.

8. Human population growth2
Birth rate:
Factors that affect birth rate:
Death rate:
Factors that affect death rate:

9. Human population growth- calculations2
Immigration:
Emigration:
Population growth = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
Percentage Population growth = population change in the period x 100
Rate (in a given period) population at the start of the period
Birth rate= number of births per year x 1000
total population in the same year
Death rate= number of deaths per year x 1000
total population in the same year

10. Population structure- demographic transition2
Demographic transition- a move from where birth rate is __________ and life expectancy is __________ to where birth rate is __________ and life expectancy is __________. E.g. ________________________
Age population pyramids

11. 3
ATP
ATP:
Made from:
Synthesised from____________________ ____________________ using ATP Synthase
ATP is broken down into ___________ __________________________ using ATPase.
ATP is a good source of energy because;
Stores a small manageable amount of energy-
Small soluble molecule-
Easily broken down-
Transfer energy-
Can’t pass out of the cell-

12. photosynthesis 3 Phosphorylation
Adding phosphate to a molecule using light
Photophosphorylation
The splitting (lysis) of a molecule using light
Photolysis
Reactions using oxidation and reduction
Hydrolysis
A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme by transferring chemical groups between molecules
Decarboxylation
Adding phosphate to a molecule
Dehydrogenation
The splitting (lysis) of a molecule using water
Redox reactions
The removal of CO2 from a molecule
Coenzyme
the removal of hydrogen from a molecule

13. Light dependent photosynthesis3
Light dependent photosynthesis
Takes place on the:
Light is absorbed by ________ which causes an _________ to be excited.
The _________ is picked up by an ____________ _______ where it is reduced.
The electron passes through an ETC which releases energy to combine _____________ _______________.
The electron in chlorophyll needs to be replaced- this comes from the ____________________ _______________________ _______________________.
The oxygen:
The electrons:
The hydrogen:
H2O H+ + ½O2 + 2e-
NADP reduced NADP

14. Light INdependent photosynthesis3
Light INdependent photosynthesis
Takes place in the:
Step 1:
_________ combines with _______ to form ________________.
This is catalysed by ____________.
Step 2:
ATP and reduced NADP from (LDR) are used to convert _________ to _____________
Step 3:
The Calvin Cycle has to turn _____ times to produce a molecule of glucose as 5 out of 6 TP’s carbons are used to make RuBP.
So, hexose sugars have 6 carbons, so the cycle must turn 6 times to make 1 hexose.
Using _______ATP and _______ reduced NADP.
2 x GP
2 x TP

15. Limiting factors of photosynthesis3
Limiting factors of photosynthesis
Optimum:
Optimum:
Optimum:

16. Oxidative phopsho-rylation
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phopsho-rylation 4
Respiration
Takes place in the:
Reduced NAD goes to:
Pyruvate goes to:
2x triose phosphate (3C)
Step 1: Glucose is _________________ by adding ______________ from 2x _________. This creates _________________ + _____________________
Step 2: TP is ________________ (loses H+) to form _______________________. NAD collects the ______________ to form __________________. This also produces ________________________________
Step 3: ______ ATP are produced, but ______ are used, so the overall net gain is _________ ATP.

17. Oxidative phopsho-rylation
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phopsho-rylation 4
Respiration
Takes place in the:
Reduced NAD goes to:
Acetyl CoA goes to:
Acetate (2C)
Step 1: pyruvate is _____________________- one _________ is removed in the form of _____________.
Step 2: _______________ is reduced- they changes pyruvate into __________.
Step 3: _________________ combines with _________________ to form __________________.
No ATP is produced in this reaction.
The link reaction happens ______________ because:

18. Oxidative phopsho-rylation
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phopsho-rylation 4
Respiration
Takes place in the:
3x Reduced NAD goes to:
1x Reduced FAD goes to:
2x CO2 goes to:
CoA goes to:
Oxaloacetate:
ATP:
Step 1: ________________ combines with _______________ to form ________.
Step 2: the _____________ is converted into a 5C compound by _____________________. ____________________ also occurs and the H+ is picked up by __________________ to produce _______________.
Step 3: the 5C molecule is converted to a 4C molecule by ________________ and ____________________. This produces 2x ___________ and 1x ________.
ATP is produced by the direct transfer of a Pi- the process is called _______________________________________________.
Step 4: ___________________ has now been reformed to be re-used.

19. Oxidative phopsho-rylation
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phopsho-rylation 4
Respiration
Step 1: H+ atoms are released from _________ and __________ and they split into __________ and _____________.
Step 2: The ______________ move along the _______________________ ( 3 electron carriers), losing __________ at each carrier.
Step 3: the energy is used by the electron cariers to pump ____________ from the ___________________________________ to the _____________________ _______________.
Step 4: the concentration of the protons are now higher in the ______________ ________________ which forms an electrochemical gradient (concentration gradient of ions)
Step 5: the protons move down their gradient through the __________________
This drives the synthesis of _____________ from ____________________.

20. Oxidative phopsho-rylation
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phopsho-rylation 4
Respiration
2H+ + ½ O H2O
The movement of H+ ions across a membrane to generate ATP is called ______________________.
In the matrix, the ____________, ___________________ and ____________ from the blood combine to produce water.
Oxygen is called the _________________________________________.

21. Respiration 4 Glycolysis Link Reaction Krebs Cycle
Oxidative phopsho-rylation 4
Respiration
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation IN
OUT
NAD
R.NAD
FAD
R. FAD
CoA
CO2
ATP
ADP

22. Alcoholic Fermentation4
Anaerobic Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation
No oxygen
Regenerates ____________ so _________________ can continue, even when there isn’t much oxygen around.
This allows small amounts of _______ to be produced.
Ethanal
Lactate
Fermentation