© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction There are trillions of cells in the body
Cells are the structural “building blocks” of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells Cells form all the structures in the body Cells perform all vital functions of the body © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

Introduction There are two types of cells in the body: Sex cells
Sperm in males and oocytes in females Somatic cells All the other cells in the body that are not sex cells © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

Cellular Anatomy The cell consists of: Cytoplasm Plasmalemma Cytosol
Organelles Plasmalemma Cell membrane © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Figure 2.2 A Flowchart for the Study of Cell Structure
The Cell can be divided into Plasmalemma Cytoplasm Divided into Cytosol Organelles subdivided into Nonmembranous Organelles Membranous Organelles Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrioles Cilia Flagella Ribosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Anatomical Structures of the Cell Organelles
Nonmembranous organelles Membranous organelles © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Cellular Anatomy Organelles of the Cell Nonmembranous organelles
Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrioles Cilia Flagella Ribosomes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Table 2.1 Anatomy of a Representative Cell (1 of 2)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 2.1 Anatomy of a Typical Cell
Microvilli Secretory vesicles Golgi apparatus Cytosol Lysosome Mitochondrion Centrosome Peroxisome Centriole Nuclear pores Chromatin Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear envelope surrounding nucleus Cytoskeleton Fixed ribosomes Plasmalemma Free ribosomes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Organelles of the Cell Membranous organelles
Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

Cellular Anatomy Plasmalemma A cell membrane composed of:
Phospholipids Glycolipids Protein Cholesterol © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Figure 2.3 The Plasmalemma
Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Cholesterol EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Glycolipids of glycocalyx Phospholipid bilayer Integral protein with channel Integral glycoproteins Hydrophobic tails b The phospholipid bilayer Cholesterol Peripheral proteins Hydrophilic heads Gated channel Cytoskeleton (Microfilaments) = 2 nm CYTOPLASM a The plasmalemma © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Functions of the Plasmalemma
Cell membrane (also called phospholipid bilayer) Major functions: Physical isolation Regulation of exchange with the environment (permeability) Sensitivity Cell-to-cell communication/Adhesion/Structural support © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

Cellular Anatomy Structure of the Plasmalemma
Called a phospholipid bilayer Composed of two layers of phospholipid Hydrophobic heads are at the surfaces (inside lining and outside lining) Hydrophilic fatty acids (tails) “face toward each other” Outer layer consists of glycolipids and glycoproteins Glycolipids and glycoproteins form a glycocalyx coating Inner layer does not consist of glycolipids or glycoproteins © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Composed of protein molecules Peripheral proteins: attached to the glycerol portions of the fatty acids Integral proteins: embedded within the cell membrane Form channels such as gated channels Channels open and close © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Cellular Anatomy Membrane Permeability of the Plasmalemma
Passive processes Diffusion Osmosis Facilitative diffusion Active processes Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

Passive process: diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Permeablity, concentration gradient, molecule size and charge, temperature affect the rate of movement Small inorganic ions and small molecules are involved © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

Figure 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes (1 of 6)
Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The difference between the high and low concentrations is a concentration gradient. In diffusion, molecules move down a concentration gradient until the gradient is eliminated. Plasmalemma Example: When the concentration of CO2 inside a cell is greater than outside the cell, CO2 diffuses out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid. Factors Affecting Rate: Membrane permeability; magnitude of the concentration gradient; size, charge, and lipid solubility of the diffusing molecules; presence of membrane channel proteins; temperature Extracellular fluid CO2 Substances Involved (all cells): Gases, small inorganic ions and molecules, lipid-soluble materials © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Passive process: osmosis Movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water Permeability, concentration gradient, and opposing pressure affect the rate of movement Only water molecules are involved © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules (rather than solutes) across a selectively permeable membrane. Note that water molecules diffusing toward an area of lower water concentration are moving toward an area of higher solute concentration. Because solute concentrations can easily be determined, they are used to determine the direction and force of osmotic water movement. Factors Affecting Rate: Size of the solute concentration gradient; opposing pressure Substances Involved: Water only Example: If the solute concentration outside a cell is greater than the inside the cell, water molecules will move across the plasmalemma into the extracellular fluid. Water Solute © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Passive process: facilitated diffusion Solutes are passively transported by a carrier protein Concentration gradient, size and charge of the solute, temperature, and number of carrier proteins affect the rate of movement Glucose and amino acids are involved © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

Carrier protein releases glucose into cytoplasm
Figure 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes (3 of 6) Facilitated diffusion Plasmalemma Glucose In facilitated diffusion, solutes are passively transported across a plasmalemma by a carrier protein. As in simple diffusion, the direction of movement follows the concentration gradient. Factors Affecting Rate: Magnitude of the concentration gradient; size, charge, and solubility of the solutes; temperature; availability of carrier proteins Substances Involved (all cells): Glucose and amino acids Extracellular fluid Example: Nutrients that are insoluble in lipids or too large to fit through membrane channels may be transported across the plasmalemma by carrier proteins. Many carrier proteins move a specific substance in one direction only, either into or out of the cell, after first binding the substance at a specific receptor site. Cytoplasm Receptor site Carrier protein Carrier protein releases glucose into cytoplasm © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Active process: active transport Solutes are actively transported by a carrier protein regardless of the concentration gradient ATP, number of carrier proteins affect the rate of movement Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium ions are involved © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 30

Extracellular fluid Active transport 3 Na+ Example: One of the most common examples of active transport is the sodium–potassium exchange pump. For each molecule of ATP consumed, three sodium ions are ejected from the cell and two potassium ions are reclaimed from the extracellular fluid. Using active transport, carrier proteins can move specific substances across the plasmalemma despite an opposing concentration gradient. Carrier proteins that move one solute in one direction and another solute in the opposite direction are called exchange pumps. Factors Affecting Rate: Availability of carrier proteins, solutes, and ATP Substances Involved: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ (all cells); other solutes in special cases Sodium–potassium exchange pump 2 K+ ATP ADP Cytoplasm © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Active process: endocytosis Pinocytosis: vesicles bring small molecules into the cell A variety of stimuli affect the rate of movement (not fully understood) Extracellular fluid is involved Phagocytosis: vesicles bring solid particles into the cell Presence of extracellular pathogens affects the rate of movement Bacteria, viruses, foreign matter, and cell debris are involved © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 32

Pseudopodium extends to surround object
Figure 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes (5 of 6) Endocytosis Endocytosis is the packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle (a membrane-bound sac) for importation into the cell. Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis In pinocytosis, vesicles form at the plasmalemma and bring extracellular fluid and small molecules into the cell. This process is often called “cell drinking.” In phagocytosis, vesicles form at the plasmalemma to bring solid particles into the cell. This process is often called “cell eating.” Extracellular fluid Target molecules Factors Affecting Rate: Presence and abundance of extracellular pathogens or debris Substances Involved: Bacteria, viruses, cell debris, and other foreign material Pinocytotic vesicle forming Example: Water and small molecules within a vesicle may enter the cytoplasm through carrier- mediated transport or diffusion. Receptor proteins Vesicle containing target molecules Cytoplasm Example: Each cell has specific sensitivities to extracellular materials, depend- ing on the kind of receptor proteins present in the plasmalemma. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, target molecules bind to specific receptor proteins on the membrane surface, triggering vesicle formation. Factors Affecting Rate: Number of receptors on the plasmalemma and the concentration of target molecules (called ligands) Substances Involved (all cells): Many examples, including cholesterol and iron ions Example: Large particles are brought into the cell when cytoplasmic extensions (called pseudopodia) engulf the particle and form a phagocytic vesicle. Cell Pseudopodium extends to surround object Factors Affecting Rate: Stimulus and mechanism not understood Substances Involved: Extracellular fluid and its associated solutes Cell Phagocytic vesicle © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Active process: exocytosis The release of intracellular material to the extracellular area Requires ATP and calcium ions for movement Fluid and cellular waste and secretory products are involved © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 34

Material ejected from cell Exocytosis Exocytosis is the release of fluids and/or solids from cells when intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasmalemma. Factors Affecting Rate: Stimulus and mechanism incompletely understood; requires ATP and calcium ions Substances Involved (all cells): Fluid and cellular wastes; secretory products are released by some cells Example: Cellular wastes that accumulate in vesicles are ejected from the cell. Cell © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Extensions of the Plasmalemma: Microvilli
Fingerlike projections of the plasmalemma Absorb material from the ECF Increase the surface area of the plasmalemma Microvilli can bend back and forth in a waving manner This movement helps to circulate extracellular fluid This movement helps absorb nutrients © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 36

Cellular Anatomy The Cytoplasm
Term for all of the intracellular material Cytosol Consists of the ICF (intracellular fluid) Consists of nutrients, protein, and waste products Organelles These are intracellular structures that perform specific functions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 38

Cellular Anatomy The Cytoplasm Cytosol
Contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions as compared to the ECF Consists of a net negative charge Contains a high concentration of protein Contains a small quantity of carbohydrates Contains a large reserve of amino acids and lipids Contains large amounts of inclusions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 40

Cellular Anatomy The Cytoplasm Organelles Nonmembranous organelles
Cytoskeleton Centrioles Cilia Flagella Ribosomes Membranous organelles Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 41

Cellular Anatomy Nonmembranous Organelles (details)
The cytoskeleton consists of: Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Thick filaments Microtubules © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 42

Microfilaments: consist of actin protein Anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins Stabilize the position of membrane proteins Anchor plasmalemma to the cytoplasm Produce movement of the cell or a change in the cell’s shape © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 43

Microtubules: composed of tubulin protein Involved in the formation of centrioles perform a function during cell reproduction Involved in moving duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell Involved in anchoring organelles Involved in moving cell organelles Involved in moving the entire cell Involved in moving material across the surface of the cell © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 46

Figure 2.5 The Cytoskeleton
Microvilli Microfilaments Plasmalemma SEM × 30,000 b A SEM image of the microfilaments and microvilli of an intestinal cell. Terminal web Mitochondrion Intermediate filaments Endoplasmic reticulum a The cytoskeleton provides strength and structural support for the cell and its organelles. Interactions between cytoskeletal elements are also important in moving organelles and in changing the shape of the cell. Microtubule Secretory vesicle LM × 3200 c Microtubules in a living cell, as seen after fluorescent labeling. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 2.2 A Comparison of Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella

Figure 2.6 Centrioles and Cilia
Microtubules a A centriole consists of nine microtubule triplets (9 + 0 array). The centrosome contains a pair of centrioles oriented at right angles to one another. Plasmalemma Microtubules Basal body b A cilium contains nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair (9 + 2 array). Power stroke Return stroke c A single cilium swings forward and then returns to its original position. During the power stroke, the cilium is relatively stiff, but during the return stroke, it bends and moves parallel to the cell surface. TEM × 240,000 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Nonmembranous Organelles (details) Ribosomes
Free ribosomes: float in the cytoplasm Fixed ribosomes: attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Both are involved in producing protein © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 51

Figure 2.6 Centrioles and Cilia
Microtubules a A centriole consists of nine microtubule triplets (9 + 0 array). The centrosome contains a pair of centrioles oriented at right angles to one another. Plasmalemma Microtubules Basal body b A cilium contains nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair (9 + 2 array). Power stroke Return stroke c A single cilium swings forward and then returns to its original position. During the power stroke, the cilium is relatively stiff, but during the return stroke, it bends and moves parallel to the cell surface. TEM × 240,000 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Membranous Organelles (details)
Double-membraned organelles Mitochondria: produce ATP Nucleus: contains chromosomes Endoplasmic reticulum: network of hollow tubes Golgi apparatus: modifies protein Lysosomes: contain cellular digestive enzymes Peroxisomes: contain catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 54

Cellular Anatomy Membranous Organelles (details) Mitochondria
Consist of cristae Consist of mitochondrial matrix Produce ATP © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 55

Organic molecules and O2
Figure 2.8 Mitochondria Inner membrane Cytoplasm of cell Cristae Matrix Organic molecules and O2 CO2 Outer membrane ATP Matrix Cristae Enzymes TEM × 61,776 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

TEM showing important nuclear structures.
Figure 2.9ab The Nucleus Perinuclear space Nucleoplasm Chromatin Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores TEM × 4828 a TEM showing important nuclear structures. Nuclear envelope Perinuclear space Nuclear pore b A nuclear pore and the perinuclear space. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

the cut edge of the nucleus can be seen.
Figure 2.9c The Nucleus Inner membrane of nuclear envelope Broken edge of outer membrane Outer membrane of nuclear envelope SEM × 9240 c The cell seen in this SEM was frozen and then broken apart so that internal structures could be seen. This technique, called freeze-fracture, provides a unique perspective on the internal organization of cells. The nuclear envelope and nuclear pores are visible; the fracturing process broke away part of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and the cut edge of the nucleus can be seen. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Membranous Organelles: Nucleus Chromosomes:
DNA wrapped around proteins called histones Nucleosomes Chromatin © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 60

Figure 2.10 Chromosome Structure
Histones Nucleosome Chromatin in nucleus Loosely coiled nucleosomes, forming chromatin. Nucleus of nondividing cell a In cells that are not dividing, the DNA is loosely coiled, forming a tangled network known as chromatin. DNA double helix Sister chromatids Centromere Kinetochore Supercoiled region Dividing cell Visible chromosome b When the coiling becomes tighter, as it does in preparation for cell division, the DNA becomes visible as distinct structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are composed of two sister chromatids which attach at a single point, the centromere. Kinetochores are the region of the centromere where spindle fibers attach during mitosis. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 2.11 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum with fixed (attached) ribosomes Ribosomes Free ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum TEM × 11,000 Cisternae © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Small ribosomal subunit Large ribosomal subunit
Figure 2.7 Ribosomes Free ribosomes Nucleus Small ribosomal subunit Large ribosomal subunit Endoplasmic reticulum with attached fixed ribosomes b An individual ribosome, consisting of small and large subunits. TEM × 73,600 a Both free and fixed ribosomes can be seen in the cytoplasm of this cell. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Membranous Organelles (details) Golgi apparatus
Synthesis and packaging of secretions Packaging of enzymes (modifies protein) Renewal and modification of the plasmalemma © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 67

Figure 2.12 TEM of the Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles Maturing (trans) face Forming (cis) face Golgi apparatus TEM × 83,520 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cellular Anatomy Membranous Organelles (details) Lysosomes
Fuse with phagosomes to digest solid materials Recycle damaged organelles Sometimes rupture, thus killing the entire cell (called autolysis) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 69

Cellular Anatomy Membranous Organelles (details) Peroxisomes
Consist of catalase Abundant in liver cells Convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidants © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 70

Cellular Anatomy Membrane Flow
This is the continuous movement and recycling of the cell membrane Transport vesicles connect the endoplasmic reticulum with the Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles connect the Golgi apparatus with the plasmalemma Vesicles remove and recycle segments of the plasmalemma © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 71

Figure 2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus (1 of 3)
Cisterna Forming (cis) face Golgi Apparatus Synthesis and Packaging of Secretions: Steps Cytoplasm Transport vesicle 2 Secretory products are packaged into transport vesicles that eventually bud off from the ER. These transport vesicles then fuse to create the forming (cis) face of the Golgi apparatus. 1 Protein and glycoprotein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Some of these proteins and glycoproteins remain within the ER. Rough ER Endoplasmic Reticulum mRNA Ribosome © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus (2 of 3)
Plasmalemma Secretory material Packaging of Enzymes for Use in the Cytosol Renewal or Modification of the Plasmalemma Synthesis and Packaging of Secretions Secretory vesicle Exocytosis at the surface of a cell TEM × 75,000 Plasmalemma Cytoplasm Maturing (trans) face Secretory vesicle Synthesis and Packaging of Secretions: Steps Lysosome 4 The maturing (trans) face generates vesicles that carry materials away from the Golgi apparatus. 3 Each cisterna physically moves from the forming face to the maturing face, carrying with it its associated proteins. This process is called cisternal progression. Cisterna Forming (cis) face Golgi Apparatus Cytoplasm © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intercellular Attachment
Many cells form permanent or temporary attachment to other cells Attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Attach via cellular cement (proteoglycans) Examples of Intercellular Attachment Communicating junctions Adhering junctions Tight junctions Anchoring junctions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 74

Communicating Junctions Also called gap junctions Two cells held together via protein called connexon This protein is a type of channel protein Attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Attach via cellular cement (proteoglycans) © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 75

Figure 2.14ab Cell Attachments
Tight junction Embedded proteins (connexons) Zonula adherens Terminal web Button desmosome Communicating junction b Communicating junctions permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells. Hemidesmosome a A diagrammatic view of an epithelial cell showing the major types of intercellular connections. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anchoring Junctions Zona adherens (adhesion belt) is a sheetlike anchoring material Provides strong links that cells can shed from the body in sheets (ex. dandruff) Macula adherens (desmosome) is a small, localized anchoring junction Most abundant in superficial layers of the skin © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 78

Figure 2.14ac Cell Attachments
Tight junction Interlocking junctional proteins Tight junction Zonula adherens Terminal web Button desmosome Zonula adherens Communicating junction Hemidesmosome c A tight junction is formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasmalemmae. Tight junctions prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells. a A diagrammatic view of an epithelial cell showing the major types of intercellular connections. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 2.14ad Cell Attachments
Tight junction Zonula adherens Terminal web Button desmosome Communicating junction Hemidesmosome a A diagrammatic view of an epithelial cell showing the major types of intercellular connections. Intermediate filaments (cytokeratin) d Anchoring junctions attach one cell to another. A macula adherens has a more organized network of intermediate filaments. An adhesion belt is a form of anchoring junction that encircles the cell. This complex is tied to the microfilaments of the terminal web. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Dense area Intercellular cement © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anchoring junctions Focal adhesions (focal contacts) Connect intracellular microfilaments to protein fibers Found in epithelial tissue that migrates during wound repair Hemidesmosomes Found in connecting cells that are exposed to a lot of abrasion Examples are the cornea of the eye, skin, vaginal tissue, oral cavity, and esophagus © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 81

Figure 2.14ae Cell Attachments
Hemidesmosome Tight junction Terminal web Button desmosome Communicating junction A diagrammatic view of an epithelial cell showing the major types of intercellular connections. Zonula adherens Clear layer Dense layer Basal lamina e Hemidesmosomes attach an epithelial cell to extracellular structures, such as the protein fibers in the basal lamina. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cell Life Cycle Cell reproduction consists of special events
Interphase Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Overlaps with anaphase and telophase © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 83

The Cell Life Cycle Cell Reproduction (Interphase)
Everything inside the cell is duplicating Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases G1: duplication of organelles and protein synthesis S: Chromosome replication and DNA synthesis and histone synthesis G2: protein synthesis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 84

Figure 2.16 DNA Replication
DNA polymerase Segment 2 DNA nucleotide Segment 1 KEY DNA polymerase Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cell Life Cycle Cell Reproduction (Mitosis) Prophase Metaphase
The first phase of mitosis Metaphase Paired chromatids line up in the middle of the nuclear region Anaphase Paired chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell Telophase Two new nuclear membranes begin to form © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 86

Chromosomal microtubules Chromosomal microtubules
Figure 2.17 Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Early prophase Late prophase Nuclear membrane Chromosomal microtubules Centromere Nucleus Daughter cells Spindle fibers Astral rays Chromosome with two sister chromatids Metaphase plate Daughter chromosomes Cleavage furrow Centrioles (two pairs) Chromosomal microtubules © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cell Life Cycle Cell Reproduction (Cytokinesis)
Cell membrane begins to invaginate, thus forming two new cells Many times this phase actually begins during anaphase This is the conclusion of cell reproduction © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 88

Figure 2.15 The Cell Life Cycle
S DNA replication, synthesis of histones INTERPHASE G2 Protein synthesis G1 Normal cell functions plus cell growth, duplication of organelles, protein synthesis THE CELL CYCLE Prophase M Metaphase Anaphase Telophase MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS (See Figure 2.17) Indefinite period G0 Specialized cell functions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback