1. The Rise of International Trade
Chapter 2

2. Chapter Two Outcomes General Outcome
Through an examination of Renaissance Europe, I can demonstrate an understanding and appreciation of how the exchange of ideas and knowledge contributed to shaping the worldview of the Western world.
Specific Outcomes
Knowledge and Understanding
I Can:
8.2.4 Examine, critically, the factors that shaped the worldview evolving in western Europe during the Renaissance by exploring and reflecting upon the following questions and issues:
What was the Renaissance?
How did the physical geography of Renaissance Europe affect trade and competition among European countries?
How did increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city-states (i.e., Florence, Venice, and Genoa)?

3. Chapter 2 – The Expansion of Trade Overview
Worldview Inquiry: What impact might increased trade and business have on a society’s worldview?
Aspects of Worldview Examined: Geography, Economy, Society
Sections: 1) The Rise of International Trade, 2) The Italian-City States

4. Section 1- The Rise of International Trade Overview
Section Inquiry: What factors contributed to the rise of trade between Western Europe and the East at the beginning of the Renaissance?
The Crusades and Trade
Zoom In: The Crusades
Goods From the East
Moving Goods and Resources

5. Section1 – The Rise of International Trade
The Marco Polo Story on page 39.
For much of their journeys, the Polos travelled along the Silk Road. Routes that connected civilizations from the Mediterranean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East.
Marco Polo’s ships
Marco Polo
Marco Polo and the Kahns

6. Section1 - The Rise of International Trade
The Silk Road was the first international trading route connecting people from Asia with those in Europe.
Only a few Europeans at this time travelled along the silk road.

7. Section1 – The Rise of International Trade
It was not just trade goods that passed along these routes – the intercultural contact led to an exchange of ideas and knowledge.
Camel caravans travelled long distances moving goods from one region to another.

8. A. The Crusades and Trade
The Polos were not the ones to start trade between the Italian cities and the East.
This connection was originally made as a result of religious wars between Christian and Muslim forces, known as The Crusades.

9. A. The Crusades and Trade
The Crusades were battles over religious sites in Palestine.
Important Holy Land to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

10. i. Zoom In: The Crusades
The land of Palestine contains religious sites sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and was under Christian control for many years.
In the 7th century the area was taken over by the Turks, who later became Muslims.
In 1095 Pope Urban II launched a Christian Crusade to drive out the Muslims and thousands of men, women, and children headed to the Holy Land (they were wiped out when they got there).
Christian knights, as well as Muslim Warriors, believed that fighting in a Holy War would guarantee them a place in Heaven.
The First Crusade created a Christian Kingdom on the Middle East that lasted for about a hundred years.
In 1187 a new Muslim leader recaptured Jerusalem. The united Muslims after Saladin brought an end to the Crusades and the Muslims regained all their lands.

11. i. Zoom In: The Crusades

12. Zoom In: The Crusades https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmJ1D PI856U
Start at 1:19 10 minutes long

13. A. The Crusades and Trade
The Crusades led to two important results for Europeans:
Contact with Muslim civilization and
Trade

14. A. The Crusades and Trade
Contact with Muslim civilization:
At this time the Muslim world was more advanced than Europe in areas of science.
Because of their travels and contacts, Europeans were exposed to many new ideas and cultures.
In addition, the Muslim societies welcomed the contributions of Christian and Jewish scholars and this led to advances in learning.
Europeans were exposed to new things like math, medicine, astronomy

15. A. The Crusades and Trade
The Crusaders brought back to Europe many new goods, like spices, oils, and fruit from the Muslim world which they wanted more of.
Exposure to new goods led to increased trade between Europe and the East.

16. Homework Questions 1-4 in the review.
Information to answer the questions is in the PPT or pages of the textbook.

17. ii. Goods from the East
Many of the goods that Italian merchants began to bring back by sea after the Crusades were luxury goods that were not available in Europe.
This included jewels, rugs, and fabrics like silk, muslin, taffeta, and satin.

18. ii. Goods from the East
The most valuable goods that were sought after though were spices as they improved the taste of food.
Pepper was so valuable that it was counted out by the peppercorn and worth more than its weight in gold.
Salt, used to preserve fish, was mined under- ground or produced from sea water by people in coastal communities.
Cinnamon came from China and Burma, cloves and nutmeg from islands in Indonesia, and pepper from India. Besides flavouring food, spices were used in cosmetics, drugs, and perfumes. Because there was no deodorant at this time, perfume was an important item. People did not bathe or change their clothing regularly.

19. ii. Goods from the East
When the trading ships returned to ports in Genoa and Venice merchants from Italy and across Northern Europe came there to buy the valuable cargos and take them to sell in other cities and trading centers.

20. B. Moving Goods and Resources
During Medieval and Renaissance times goods were transported at great expense by boat on the sea or rivers, or by land with horse, mule, or oxen.
The Dutch, Germans, and Italians were the ones most actively involved in trade.

21. B. Moving Goods and Resources
Areas rich in minerals, timber, fur, and fish exchanged their goods for cloth and manufactured goods from other areas.
Some areas grew surpluses of grain or produced wine and olive oil, which they exported.
Sheep-rearing areas shipped their raw wool to cloth making areas in exchange for other resources and goods.
Europe mostly used their excess of cotton, iron, and wool to trade for precious stones, pepper, and silk.

22. Spice Trader Activity
In your group you need decide how you are going to proceed with your spice trade.
Each group must hand in a write up detailing their decisions made during the adventure and why they chose what they did. Should include decision on the following:
Weapons – armed or unarmed?
Route – detail each step of your route.
Goods – what are you going to get?
Total Profit at the end.

23. Homework The Rise of International Trade Section Inquiry
Using full complete sentences, in your notebook answer the following question:
What factors contributed to the rise of trade between Western Europe and the East at the beginning of the Renaissance?
Review: Questions 5-8 in the review.
Information to answer the questions is in the PPT or pages of the textbook.
There will be two section inquiry questions and one worldview inquiry question for this chapter. You should be putting all of the questions on one piece of paper to staple to your book when the time comes to hand it in Or all on one page of your notebook to hand in.
Questions are on page 10 of your booklet.

24. Section 2 – The Italian City States Overview
Section Inquiry: How did increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city- states in Italy?
The Success of City States
Exploring Sources: Florence, A Prosperous City-State
Competition for Trade
Exploring Sources: Venice’s Success
Commerce in the City-States
Making Money With Money
Zoom In: The Medici Family
Economics and Citizenship

25. Section 2 - The Italian City-States
Renaissance Europe did not look the way Europe does today.
At this time most counties were like kingdoms, empires, or principalities ruled by monarchs.
Italy was a collection of city-states.
A city states consists of a city that is politically independent and the rural land around it.
This rural land was called the hinterland.
Examples: Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa.

27. A. The Success of City States
Dozens of city-states grew up across the northern half of Italy.
They were “in the right place at the right time” to become the wealthiest cities in Europe.
Aspects of their geography, climate, leadership, and social organization help to account for their success.

28. A. The Success of City States
Geography – Of all Europe, Italy was closest to the port cities of northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean Sea, where spices and other luxury goods were available for trade. As a result, transporting these goods by sea was easier and cheaper for traders in Italian cities.

29. A. The Success of City States
Climate – The climate of Italy was milder than the climate in the European countries north of the Alps. This meant that trade and travel were not interrupted by winter weather. There were also a longer growing season which helped grow grapes for wine and olives for oil.

30. A. The Success of City States
Leadership – In pre-modern Europe most countries were monarchies, ruled by kings or queens. Northern Italy however was a collection of independent city-states, which had their own governments, armies, and controlled their own affairs. The city- states of Genoa, Florence, Milan, and Venice grew into the wealthiest trading, business, and banking centres of Europe.

31. A. The Success of City States
Social Organizations – Feudalism did not have a strong hold in Italy. In Italy the nobles moved into towns and became the upper class of society where they became involved in business and politics. The weak hold of Feudalism on Italy allowed trade to flourish here.

32. City States Mapping Assignment
Using the map on page 6 of your booklet and page 48 of your textbook, complete the following:
Color the 13 different states
Label the 3 seas
Label the 11 cities
Homework: Finish the map and do review question number 9. Information in PPT or textbook pages

33. i. Exploring Sources: Florence, A Prosperous City-State
How do the painting and quotation illustrate their creators’ pride in their city, Florence?
• Hoes does the hinterlands support life in Florence?
• Identify and explain which geographic features make Florence a suitable site for a city.

34. B. Competition for Trade
All of the city-states wanted to expand their trade and business, which led to competition. For example Genoa and Venice competed for control of the sea routes in the Mediterranean.

35. B. Competition for Trade
Venice:
Founded in Roman times on a group of islands that were easily protected against invasion.
Became a great trading centre as a result of dealings with the east.
Had thousands of ships travelling the Mediterranean Sea and eventually along the Atlantic coast to ports in Northern Europe at the height of its power.
The Venice Arsenal became the largest chip building centre in Europe with 2000 workers employed there.
Venice is a port city, what other port cities can you think of?

36. B. Competition for Trade
Genoa:
The other great maritime power.
Controlled a share of the trade in eastern Mediterranean and also had ports in the Black Sea.
Controlled the Spanish ports of Barcelona and Valencia in the western Mediterranean.
In 1380 the Genoese fleet was destroyed in a naval battle with Venice and never regained its former power.

37. The Battle of Chioggia was painted by an unknown artist in the 1400s
The Battle of Chioggia was painted by an unknown artist in the 1400s. Venetian warships battled a fleet from Genoa. Notice that the ships are not under sail but are being powered by rowers. What might be the advantage of this strategy?

38. i. Exploring Sources: Venice’s Success
The Venetian Marino Sanuto described his city as follows in his diary.
Identify parts of Sanuto’s diary entry that reflect the prosperity of Venice.
• How did trade contribute to the quality of life of Venetians?

39. Google Earth Exploration
As we are going through the Google Earth Exploration answer the questions on page 7 of your booklet.
Homework: Question10 in the review. Information on PPT or pages 47, 49, and 50 of textbook.
Genoa = Vancouver because it is a port City
Florence = Calgary because it is land locked and it is focused on banking
Venice = Prince Edward Island because it is an island and easily defendable

40. C. Commerce in the City-States
Merchants made money by purchasing goods in one place and then selling them for a higher price in another place.
They dealt with spices and luxury goods as well as raw materials that were needed for manufacturing other goods, such as raw wool that would be made into cloth.

41. C. Commerce in the City-States
After the Black Death in Florence, there was a revolt by the ciompi, or wool carders, because they wanted to form their own guild to help with the high unemployment but were denied by the larger guilds and government who were run by the wealthy merchants.
The ciompi called for an uprising of the lower classes and they briefly took over the government of Florence but were defeated by the powerful guilds.

42. i. Making Money With Money
In Florence bankers established banking houses across Europe.
Its economy became so powerful that Florence’s golden florin became the most important current in Europe during the Renaissance.
The practice of charging interest when loaning money to someone, called an usury, played a large role in creating wealth.
The growth of international trade required large investments that would be tied up for many years so interest was being charged on loans that involved risk, such as trading voyages where there was danger of shipwreck or pirates.

43. i. Making Money With Money
New Business Practices that emerged

44. i. Making Money With Money
Politics in the city states were affected by the changing economy, everyone wanted political power and was fighting for it. For a time conflict and war increased in the city states.
However, bankers and merchants began to realize that he constant power struggle was interfering with their ability to trade and do business.
As a result, they began to support strong leaders who could promise them stability. This lead to less individual freedoms but more peace to expand trade.
Italian bankers travelled all over Europe and exposed others to the lifestyle the Italians had become accustomed to through their contact with the world outside Europe.
They spread their Italian values and ideas across Europe and people were impressed with the beautiful cities and sophistication of the Italians.

45. i. Making Money With Money
he Money Lender and his Wife was painted in by Quentin Metsys.
How has the artist shown the wealth of the money lender?
What does the artist suggest about the wife’s worldview by showing her turning away from the religious book in her hand to look at the money?

46. ii. Zoom In: The Medici Family
This portrait, titled Lorenzo de Medici “The Magnificant,” was painted by Giorgio Vasari in the 1500s.
Lorenzo de Medici was a ruler and a poet.
What aspects of his character has the artist emphasized in this portrait?

47. ii. Zoom In: The Medici Family
The Medici family was the most important and powerful family in Italy.
They made their fortunes as wool and silk merchants and bankers.
They built alliances with other wealthy families, acquired important positions in the Church, and married into royal families.

48. ii. Zoom In: The Medici Family
In 1434 Cosimo de Medici became so powerful he declared himself head of the Florence government and used his power to exile his enemies.
He also attacked neighbouring city-states he saw as a threat, like Siena, and make alliances with others, like Milan.
He also had an interest in the arts and helped promising artists.
However over time he made many enemies and in1494 many family members were exiled from Florence and not allowed to return for many years.

49. ii. Zoom In: The Medici Family

50. D. Economics and Citizenship
After the Black Death Italy experienced an economic slump that was not fully over until the early 1500’s.
This depression led to a growth in arts and culture because there were no other good business investments to be made, which we will learn more about next chapter.

51. Homework The Italian City-States Section Inquiry
Using full complete sentences, in your notebook answer the following questions:
The Italian City-States Section Inquiry
How did increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city-states in Italy?
Chapter 2 The Expansion of Trade Worldview Inquiry Question:
What impact might increased trade and business have on a society’s worldview?
Review: Questions 11-14

52. Medici Video & Questions
Answer

53. Trading Places Assignment
Pages 8 & 9 in your booklet.
You will have this class and next to complete the assignment.