1. Beef Cattle:Parts and Breeds
Introduction to Animal Science
Ag. 140

3. 1. poll

4. 2. neck

5. 3. loin

6. 4. hooks

7. 5. rump

8. 6. tailhead

9. 7. pins

10. 8. hock

11. 9. leg

12. 10. stifle

13. 11. flank

14. 12. Fore flank

15. 13. forearm

16. 14. dewlap

17. 15. shoulder

18. 16. body/side

19. 17. Heart girth

20. 18. Hind quarter

21. 19. Frame size

22. 20. sheath/underline

23. 21. twitch

24. 22. brisket

25. 23. shank

26. 24. muzzle

27. Breeds and Classifications of Beef Cattle

28. There are two subspecies of cattle.
Bos taurus taurus
cattle of Europe, north-eastern Asia, and parts of Africa

29. Bos indicus
Cattle originally from South Asia/India
Called Zebu

30. Definition of a breed.
Animals that, through selection and breeding, have come to resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring.

31. Categories of Beef Cattle Breeds
British
Exotics (European) from continental Europe
Zebu
Cross breeds or Composites

32. British Breeds
were developed in the British Isles and were brought to the United States in the late 1700s through the late 1800s.
Angus (Black and Red), Hereford (Horned and Polled), and Shorthorn are the primary British breeds.

33. Exotics
include Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Salers, and Simmental.
majority of these breeds are relatively new to the U.S., being imported in the late 1960's and early 1970's primarily to improve the growth rate and leanness of existing breeds

34. British vs. Exotics British Exotics
1)Smaller at maturity )larger at maturity
2)Mature earlier )mature later
3)Higher fertility )leaner meat
4)Calving ease )more yield
5)Yield less )less quality
6)better quality )calving difficulty when
crossed with British breeds

35. English Breeds: Aberdeen Angus
Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland
Polled
Black

36. First came to the U.S. when George Grant brought five bulls to the Kansas prairie in 1873
When crossed with Texas Longhorns, hornless black calves that wintered better were the result.
“Old Jock” is #1 in the Angus Registry
“Old Granny” was killed by lightning when just past 35 years of age; produced 29 calves.

37. Red Angus Same origins as black Angus
Banned from registry in U.S. in 1917; Red Angus registry established in
Original “red” gene dates back to a dun cow from Norse invaders

38. Hereford Originated in Herefordshire England in 1742
Were bred for economical feed utilization
horned

39. Herefords were first brought to the U. S
Herefords were first brought to the U.S. in 1817, to Kentucky, by Henry Clay
“The Great Improver” – when crossed with longhorns, it greatly improved the carcass.

40. Polled Hereford Same as a Hereford, but polled or naturally hornless.
Developed in the U.S. in the late 1800’s.

41. Shorthorn Developed in England in the late 1800’s
Used as a dual-purpose breed
May be red, roan or white

42. Two different types were developed in the 1900’s
Milking Shorthorns
Beef Shorthorns

43. Texas Longhorn

44. Texas Longhorn First set foot on north American soil 500 years ago
Descendents of Spanish-Andalusian cattle brought to Mexico by the Spaniards
Hearty, lean cattle that dominated the Great Plains of the U.S.
Great foraging ability; able to withstand poor climate

45. Crossbreeding with Angus and Hereford breeds nearly caused the extinction of true Texas Longhorns by the early 1900’s.
Natural range was decimated by fencing and the ploughing of natural pasture land.

46. Quiz
Identify the following breeds of cattle.

47. 1.

48. 2.

49. 3.

50. 4.

51. 5.

52. 6.

53. Review What breed is the predecessor to modern domestic cattle?
What are the three categories of cattle breeds?
How do those three categories differ?

54. Exotics
include Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Salers, and Simmental.
majority of these breeds are relatively new to the U.S., being imported in the late 1960's and early 1970's primarily to improve the growth rate and leanness of existing breeds

55. Charolais
First imported into the U.S. by the King Ranch in Texas, in 1936 (bought from Mexico)
Originated in France
Large framed breed of cattle with bulls reaching 2,000lb to 2500 lbs. Cows weigh from 1200 to 2000 lbs.

57. white or creamy white in color, but the skin carries appreciable pigmentation
naturally horned beef animal
Currently, polled Charolais have been developed

59. graze aggressively in warm weather, withstand reasonable cold, and raise heavy calves

60. Chianina Originated in Italy
First importation was Chianina semen in 1971; producing an Angus/Chianina cross
Import of animals was not allowed from countries where Hoof in Mouth disease had occurred

62. Fullblood Chianina have short hair that varies from white to steel gray in color.
Bulls are often a darker gray around their front ends.

63. Both sexes have black pigmented skin, points and mucosa.
The short horns curve forward and are usually black in the younger animals but become lighter, beginning at the base, as the animals mature.

65. The most noticeable characteristic of the breed is the extensive and well- defined muscling.
The shoulders, back and rear quarters are especially well formed.
The legs are longer than most breeds and the bodies are not proportionally as long as some breeds that have shorter legs.
The faces are rather long and straight.
The breed is often referred to as a "terminal" breed by cattlemen.
This infers that the primary use of the breed is as the sire to animals which will all be marketed.
The herds they are used in are frequently crossbred and the Chianina bulls provide an outstanding growth rate in the offspring of these crossbred females.

67. Limousin
The first Limousin bulls imported permanently into the United States did not arrive until the fall of 1971 from Canada
golden-red cattle with wheat colored undermarkings
deep chest, a strong top-line, well-placed tailhead and strongly-muscled hindquarter

69. the Canadian government had not permitted any Limousin bulls to leave the country except for short periods for exhibition purposes, and then only if the owners posted a large bond that was refunded when the animal returned to Canada.

71. The first U.S. import, Kansas Colonel, was born and raised in Canada and was imported by Bob Haag of Topeka, Kansas, for a group of Kansas Limousin breeders.

72. Red Angus vs Limousin

73. Maine-Anjou Originated in Northwest France
Semen first imported to the U.S. in 1969

75. mature bulls weigh from 2200 to 3100 pounds on the average.
Mature cows will range from 1500 to 1900 pounds.

77. The coloring is a very dark red with white markings on the head, belly, rear legs and tail.
White on other parts of the body is also common.

78. Simmental vs. Hereford

79. Salers Originated in France First imported in semen form from Canada
First bull imported to the U.S. in 1975

81. Salers cattle are typically horned and dark mahogany red in color, however a growing number of polled and black Salers are available.
The availability of polled genetics in addition to both red and blackgives Salers the advantage of breeding program flexibility.

83. Miscellaneous Cattle Breeds
The following slides are breeds that need to be noted before looking at composites.

84. Double Muscled Cattle
Belgian Blue
Parthenais
Piedmontese

85. Belgian Blue

86. Belgian Blue Have double muscling (double in size, not two sets)
Originated in Belgium
Double muscling is due to a gene that supresses the production of myostatin (hormone that inhibits muscle growth and differentiation)

87. Parthenais
Originated in France

88. Piedmontese
Believed to be descendents of crosses between Aurochs and Zebu cattle Originated in Italy Born fawn colored, mature to gray/white color

90. Brahman Originated in India
Breed is adapted to inadequate food supplies, insect pests, parasites, diseases and the weather extremes of tropical India
Large ears contribute to blood cooling
All Brahmans are Bos indicus, but not all Bos indicus are Brahmans.

92. Hair Coat. The short, thick, glossy hair coat reflects much of the sun's rays
Skin Pigmentation - black pigmented skin keeps out the intense rays of the sun.
Loose Skin - loose skin on the Brahman is contributes to its ability to withstand warm weather by increasing the body surface area exposed to cooling.
Sweating Ability. Brahmans have sweat glands and the ability to sweat freely through the pores of the skin
Internal Body Heat -they produce less internal body heat in warm weather than do cattle of European breeds.

94. Scottish Highland

95. long horns and long wavy coats that are coloured black, brindle, red, yellow, white, silver (looks white but with a black nose) or dun
originated in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland and were first mentioned in the 6th century AD
hardy breed
milk generally has a very high butterfat content, and their meat, regarded as of the highest quality, is gaining mainstream acceptance as it is low in cholesterol.

96. Crossbreeds or Composites
Crossbreeds are produced using characteristics of two to three different breeds
Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis, Braford, Brangus and Charbray are only a few.
Black Baldies are composites that are not a breed

97. Beefmaster

98. Developed at the Lasater Ranch in Texas
¼ Hereford, ¼ Shorthorn, and ½ brahman
Stress was put on beef production
No specific horns, hide, or color

99. Santa Gertrudis Developed on the King Ranch in Texas
5/8 shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman
Deep cherry red in color
Heat and tick resistant

101. Good mothering and milking ability with ease of calving
Steers have high weight gains on both pastures and in feedlots

102. Braford 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Hereford Developed in Florida in 1947
Herefords were not adapted to the climate, so crosses were made with Brahmans
Characteristics include early puberty, fertility, calving ease, optimum milking and maternal ability

104. Charbray 5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Brahman
Well adapted to regions of high humidity, heat and insects
Rapid growth and outstanding feed conversion
Reach slaughter weight at 12 to 15 months

107. Brangus 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus
Desireable animal having the carcass quality of an angus with the heartiness of a Brahman

109. Black Baldy Cross between Black Angus and Herefords
Combines the qualities of both animals

110. Other breeds
Belted Galloway – Scotland

111. Murray Grey - Australia

112. British White - Britain

113. Dwarf Panda Cow