1. Andrew Jackson:

2. Champion of the “Common Man”?
Essential Question:
Champion of the “Common Man”?
“King” Andrew? OR

3. What were the
democratic
trends
in the 19c?

4. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

5. Voter Turnout:

6. Why Increased Democratization?
White male suffrage increased
Party nominating committees.
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.
Spoils system.
Rise of Third Parties.
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)
Democrats (1828)

7. Jackson's
Early
Life

8. Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence
Born on the border of North and South Carolina in 1767 in a log cabin on the frontier
His parents were immigrants from Ireland
His dad died before he was born, so he was raised by a single mother in poverty

9. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

10. General Jackson – A Military Man
Joined the American Revolution at age of 13
Became an American hero due to series of victories in the War of 1812
Creek War Victory; Battle of New Orleans
Seminole Wars
Wars fought between the United States and the Seminole native Americans from , again from , and finally from
Jackson led the American troops into Florida to search for runaway slaves and the Native Americans that were helping them
These wars ultimately led to the addition of Florida to the United States

11. Personal Life Studied law in Salisbury, NC
Apprenticed with prominent lawyers
Practiced in Tennessee
Made money in real estate by buying and selling properties in GA and AL
Married Rachel Robards
Caused great controversy as they married in 1791 before she was officially divorced
Married again *for real* in 1794

12. Jackson's
First
Presidential Run

13. The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate
“Old Hickory”
Given to him by soldiers he commanded
Meant he was as tough as the wood on a hickory tree
“Sharp Knife”
Given by Native Americans
He was ruthless in dealing with them

14. William H. Crawford [GA]
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay [KY]
John Quincy Adams [MA]
John C. Calhoun [SC]
William H. Crawford [GA]

15. Results of the 1824 Election
A “Corrupt Bargain?”
Jackson received the most popular votes, but not a majority of the electoral votes
Went to the House of Representatives, who elected J.Q. Adams
Adams won presidency, Henry Clay became Secretary of State

16. What were
the key issues
in 1828?

17. Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree
Jackson blamed the scandal caused by Adams led Rachel to die of a broken heart
Did grieving for his wife distract Andrew Jackson from running a successful campaign?

18. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

19. 1828 Election Results

20. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

21. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils system
In office, Jackson hired many of his supporters – “to the victor goes the spoils…”
Kitchen Cabinet – unofficial advisors
Immigrants in the cities.

22. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

23. The Reign of “King Mob”
Jackson was the first president to be of common birth, and actually invited the general public to his inauguration
"Ladies fainted, men were seen with bloody noses and such a scene of confusion took place as is impossible to describe."

24. Andrew Jackson as President

25. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
John Eaton and his wife, Peggy, were not socially accepted by other members of the cabinet
This reminded Jackson of his own wife and he ordered the cabinet members to make their wives socialize with Peggy
Members of Jackson’s cabinet became so intrigued and distracted by the Peggy Eaton affair, that they could barely do their jobs
Ultimately led to the resignation of John C. Calhoun, whose wife refused to socialize with Peggy

26. Tariff Issue &
The
Nullification
Crisis

27. The Webster-Hayne Debate
Tariff of
1828
Sen. Daniel Webster – Senator from Massachusetts
Sen. Robert Hayne – Senator from South Carolina

28. 1830 Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.
Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

29. Nullification Crisis
New Tariff of 1828 caused the South to claim that it was a “tariff of abominations”
Tariff caused a rise in prices and economic problems in the south
States’ rights advocate, John C. Calhoun, secretly authors the South Carolina Exposition and Protest
Creates doctrine that said states could nullify federal laws if they followed a set process

30. Nullification Crisis
Jackson said nullification does not exist and that “disunion by armed force is treason”
Force Bill – presidential authority to use force on nullifying states
Clay develops compromise, Webster agrees, SC and Calhoun back down – no force necessary

31. Jackson's
Native-American
Policy

32. Five Civilized Tribes
Many Indian tribes began to adopt the ways of the white American setters
Five Civilized Tribes  Seminole, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee
Cherokee had developed a significant civilization  farming, written language (Sequoyah) and leaders like John Ross
Jackson believed that Indians and Whites should not mix
Gold was discovered on Cherokee land in 1829 – state gov’t wanted land

33. Indian Removal
Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal, but many tribes did not want to move
1830 – 1st Removal Act was passed
Money was offered to tribes that would relocate; many resisted in court
1831 – Cherokee Nation v. GA
1st attempt at self-government; Supreme Court said natives have rights to their lands, but not as an independent nation
1832 – Worchester v. GA
John Marshall said Native land rights have to be recognized
Jackson refused to enforce  “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

34. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

35. Indian Removal

36. Trail of Tears
Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed from their land, along with other tribes throughout the southeast
16,000 Indians were forced to leave GA, NC, SC, and TN
Winter of  Cherokee were forced to take a grueling march 1,200 miles to Indian Territory in modern day Oklahoma
Many died of whooping cough, typhus, dysentery, cholera, and starvation along the way

37. Trail of Tears ( )

38. Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

39. Renewing
the Charter
of the
1st National Bank

40. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project in KY [vetoed for political or personal reasons?]

41. The National Bank Debate
Nicholas Biddle
(President of the
National Bank – wanted the charter extended)
President Jackson (thought bank had
too much power)

42. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
“Soft” (paper) $
“Hard” (specie) $
state bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely.
supported rapid economic growth & speculation.
felt that coin was the only safe currency.
didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes.
suspicious of expansion & speculation.

43. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
“pet banks”?
Jackson puts the money that would have gone into the 2nd National Bank into selected state banks
1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went bankrupt!

44. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

45. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”?

46. 1832 Election Results

47. The Specie Circular (1836) “wildcat banks.”
banks were chartered by state law without any federal oversight
To fight inflation, Jackson tries to only buy future federal land with gold or silver.

48. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes loose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!

49. The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s former VP – handpicked to be his successor)
“Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

50. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

51. Log Cabin Campaign – Election of 1840
1st election with popular, modern campaigning
Whigs copy the Democrats in campaign techniques
William Henry Harrison- “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” – Fought Tecumseh and the Prophet
Harrison defeats Van Buren

52. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

53. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)