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Figure 13.2 Anterior view of superficial muscles of the body.
Facial Epicranius, frontal belly Head Orbicularis oculi Temporalis Zygomaticus Masseter Orbicularis oris Neck Platysma Shoulder Sternohyoid Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid Thorax Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Arm Serratus anterior Triceps brachii Intercostals Biceps brachii Brachialis Abdomen Forearm Rectus abdominis Pronator teres External oblique Brachioradialis Internal oblique Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Transversus abdominis Pelvis/thigh Thigh Iliopsoas Tensor fasciae Pectineus latae Sartorius Adductor longus Thigh Gracilis Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Leg Fibularis longus Extensor digitorum longus Leg Gastrocnemius Tibialis anterior Soleus
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Figure 13.3 Posterior view of superficial muscles of the body.
Neck Epicranius, occipital belly Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Shoulder Arm Deltoid Triceps brachii Infraspinatus Brachialis Teres major Forearm Rhomboid major Brachioradialis Latissimus dorsi Extensor carpi radialis longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Hip Extensor carpi ulnaris Gluteus medius Extensor digitorum Gluteus maximus Thigh Iliotibial tract Adductor magnus Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Leg Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis longus Calcaneal tendon
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Figure 15.7 Classification of neurons on the basis of function.
Peripheral process (axon) Ganglion Cell body Sensory neuron Central process (axon) Spinal nerve Afferent transmission White matter Interneuron Receptive endings Gray matter Efferent transmission Motor neuron Spinal cord (central nervous system) To effectors (muscles) 3
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Figure 15.8 Structure of a nerve showing connective tissue wrappings.
Axon Myelin sheath Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Myelin sheath Nonmyelinated axon Fascicle Blood vessels Endoneurium Heavily myelinated axons Perineurium Epineurium 4
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Figure Neuroglia. Capillary Neuron Astrocyte Astrocytes are the most abundant CNS neuroglia Myelin sheath Process of oligodendrocyte Neuron Microglial cell Nerve fibers Microglial cells are defensive cells in the CNS. Oligodendrocytes have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers. Fluid-filled cavity Cilia Cell body of neuron Satellite cells Ependymal cells Schwann cells (forming myelin sheath) Brain or spinal cord tissue Nerve fiber Ependymal cells line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities. Satellite cells and Schwann cells (which form myelin) surround neurons in the PNS.
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Figure 15.2 Structure of a typical motor neuron.
Dendrites (receptive regions) Cell body (biosynthetic center and receptive region) Nucleus of neuroglial cell Neurofibril Nucleus Nucleolus Dendrites Nucleus Chromatophilic substance Initial segment Nucleolus Axon (inpulse-generating and -conducting region) Impulse direction Myelin sheath gap (node of Ranvier) Chromatophilic substance (rough endoplasmic reticulum) Axon terminals (secretory region) Axon hillock Schwann cell Terminal branches Presynaptic neuron Direction of action potential Mitochondrion Synaptic cleft Axon terminal Synaptic vesicles Postsynaptic neuron
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Figure 15.3 Myelination of a nerve fiber (axon) by Schwann cells.
cell plasma membrane Schwann cell cytoplasm 1 A Schwann cell envelops an axon. Axon Schwann cell nucleus 2 The Schwann cell then rotates around the axon, wrapping its plasma membrane loosely around it in successive layers. Myelin sheath Outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm (of Schwann cell) Axon 3 The Schwann cell cytoplasm is forced from between the membranes. The tight membrane wrappings surrounding the axon form the myelin sheath. Myelin sheath Schwann cell cytoplasm 7
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Myelin sheath gap Axon Myelin Schwann cell nucleus
Figure Photomicrograph of a small portion of a peripheral nerve in longitudinal section (40). Myelin sheath gap Axon Myelin Schwann cell nucleus 8
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Figure 15.5 Classification of neurons according to structure.
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar (pseudounipolar) Cell body Cell body Peripheral process Cell body Central process Dendrite Axon Receptive endings Axon Dendrites Axon Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar Receptive endings Dendrites Dendrites Peripheral process (axon) Dendrite Cell body Cell body Cell body Axon Cell body Central process (axon) Cell body Axon Axon Axon Purkinje cell of cerebellum Pyramidal cell Olfactory cell Retinal cell Dorsal root ganglion cell 9
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Figure 15.6 Photomicrographs of neurons.
Dendrites Dendrites Cell body Cell body Nerve fibers Satellite cells Cell bodies 10
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Figure 17-2 External features of the cerebral hemispheres.
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Transverse cerebral fissure Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Gyrus Anterior Frontal lobe Cortex (gray matter) Longitudinal fissure Sulcus Precentral gyrus White matter Central sulcus Fissure (a deep sulcus) Postcentral gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Posterior Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related association areas Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Somatic sensation Frontal eye field Somatosensory association cortex Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex (in insula) Taste Prefrontal cortex Working memory for spatial tasks Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Solving complex, multitask problems Auditory association area Hearing Primary auditory cortex 11
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Figure Ventral (inferior) aspect of the human brain, showing the three regions of the brain stem. (1 of 3) Pituitary gland Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasma Optic nerve Optic tract Mammillary body Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord Decussation of pyramids Cerebral peduncle of midbrain 12
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Figure 17-4 Diencephalon and brain stem structures as seen in a sagittal section of the brain.
Fornix Lateral ventricle Corpus callosum Thalamus Pineal gland Anterior commissure Superior colliculi Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculi Hypothalamus Arbor vitae Optic chiasma Cerebellum Mammillary body Uncus Fourth ventricle Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Corpus callosum Fornix Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Interventricular foramen Posterior commissure Epithalamus Anterior commissure Pineal gland Corpora quadrigemina Hypothalamus Midbrain Optic chiasma Cerebral aqueduct Pituitary gland Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Mammillary body Fourth ventricle Pons Choroid plexus Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 13
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Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis
Figure Cerebellum. Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis Brain stem (midbrain) Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae Deep cerebellar nuclei Caudal (inferior) Vermis (cut) 14
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Figure 17-7 Meninges of the brain.
Skin of scalp Periosteum Bone of skull Periosteal Dura mater Meningeal Superior sagittal sinus Arachnoid mater Subdural space Pia mater Arachnoid villus Subarachnoid space Blood vessel Falx cerebri (in longitudinal fissure only) Parietal bone Superior sagittal sinus Scalp Falx cerebri Straight sinus Occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli Dura mater Crista galli of the ethmoid bone Falx cerebelli Transverse sinus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Temporal bone Arachnoid mater over medulla oblongata 15
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Figure 17-8 Location and circulatory pattern of cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral ventricle Inferior horn Anterior horn Septum pellucidum Interventricular foramen Posterior horn Inferior horn Third ventricle Median aperture Cerebral aqueduct Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Central canal Anterior view Left lateral view Arachnoid villus Superior sagittal sinus Subarachnoid space Arachnoid mater Choroid plexus Meningeal dura mater Interventricular foramen Periosteal dura mater Right lateral ventricle (deep to cut) Third ventricle Tentorium cerebelli Cerebral aqueduct Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Lateral aperture Fourth ventricle Median aperture Spinal dura mater Central canal of spinal cord Inferior end of spinal cord 16
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Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Figure Ventral aspect of the human brain, showing the cranial nerves. Frontal lobe Filaments of olfactory nerve (I) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Temporal lobe Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve (III) Facial nerve (VII) Trochlear nerve (IV) Vestibulo- cochlear nerve (VIII) Trigeminal nerve (V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Abducens nerve (VI) Vagus nerve (X) Cerebellum Accessory nerve (XI) Medulla oblongata Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 17
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Figure 19.1 Gross structure of the spinal cord, dorsal view.
Cranial dura mater Terminus of medulla oblongata of brain Cervical spinal nerves C1-C8 Sectioned pedicles of cervical vertebrae Cervical enlargement Spinal nerve rootlets Dorsal median sulcus of spinal cord Dura and arachnoid mater Cervical spinal cord. Thoracic spinal nerves T1-T12 Spinal cord Vertebral arch Lumbar enlargement Denticulate ligament Denticulate ligament Conus medullaris Dorsal median sulcus Arachnoid mater Cauda equina Lumbar spinal nerves L1- L5 Dorsal root Spinal dura mater Filum terminale Thoracic spinal cord, showing denticulate ligaments Sacral spinal nerves S1- S5 Spinal cord Cauda equina Coccygeal spinal nerve Co1 First lumbar vertebral arch (cut across) Conus medullaris The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally. Spinous process of second lumbar vertebra Filum terminale Inferior end of spinal cord, showing conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale.
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Figure 19.2 Anatomy of the human spinal cord.
Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Spinal meninges Subdural space Dura mater Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Bone of vertebra Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Body of vertebra Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal funiculus Gray commissure White columns Ventral funiculus Dorsal horn Gray matter Lateral funiculus Ventral horn Lateral horn Dorsal root ganglion Central canal Spinal nerve Ventral median fissure Dorsal root (fans out into dorsal rootlets) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Ventral root (derived from several ventral rootlets) Spinal dura mater 19
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Figure 19.4 Cross section of the spinal cord (10).
Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal funiculus Dorsal horn Lateral funiculus Ventral horn Ventral funiculus Ventral median fissure 20
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Figure 19.5a Human spinal nerves.
Cervical plexus C1 – C5 Cervical nerves C1 – C8 Brachial plexus C5 – T1 Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Thoracic nerves T1 – T12 Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus L1 – L4 Lumbar nerves L1 – L5 Sacral plexus L4 – S4 Sacral nerves S1 – S5 Cauda equina Coccygeal nerve Co1 21
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Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Skin*
Figure Overview of the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Skin* Cranial Salivary glands Sympathetic ganglia Heart Cervical Lungs Lungs Heart T1 Stomach Stomach Small intestine Thoracic Pancreas and small intestine Pancreas Liver and gall- bladder Liver and gall- bladder L1 Adrenal gland Lumbar Large intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Genitals Sacral Genitals
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Figure 20.2 Sympathetic trunks and pathways.
Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Dorsal root Spinal cord Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral root Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Rib Gray ramus communicans Ventral root Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk ganglion White ramus communicans Sympathetic trunk Sympathetic trunk 1 Synapse at the same level Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Thoracic splanchnic nerves Location of the sympathetic trunk 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Effectors Blood vessels Splanchnic nerve Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Abdominal organs (e.g., intestine) Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column 3 Three pathways of a sympathetic innervation 23
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Figure 23.1 External anatomy of the eye and accessory structures.
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Lacrimal sac Medial commissure Orbicularis oculi muscle Lacrimal caruncle Eyebrow Upper eyelid Tarsal plate Lacrimal gland Palpebral conjunctiva Excretory ducts of lacrimal glands Lateral commissure Tarsal glands Cornea Lower eyelid Lacrimal punctum Palpebral fissure Lacrimal canaliculus Nasolacrimal duct Inferior meatus of nasal cavity Eyelashes Bulbar conjunctiva Nostril Conjunctival sac Orbicularis oculi muscle
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Figure 23.2 Extrinsic muscles of the eye.
Axis at center of eye Trochlea Superior oblique muscle Superior oblique tendon Superior rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Medial rectus muscle Lateral rectus muscle Inferior rectus muscle Inferior oblique muscle Common tendinous ring Muscle Action Controlling cranial nerve Lateral rectus Moves eye laterally VI (abducens) Medial rectus Moves eye medially III (oculomotor) Superior rectus Elevates eye and turns it medially III (oculomotor) Inferior rectus Depresses eye and turns it medially III (oculomotor) Inferior oblique Elevates eye and turns it laterally III (oculomotor) Superior oblique Depresses eye and turns it laterally IV (trochlear) 25
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