1. Chapter 18

2. Students will be able to explain the different features of the student movement and the counterculture
Students will be able to discuss the feminist movement
Students will be able to explain new civil rights challenges and solutions to some of those challenges
Students will be able to explain Americans’ new focus on environmentalism

3. 1960s – one of most turbulent periods in US history
Large youth movement
Prosperity of 1950s
Boom in college enrollment
Youth questioning values of parents

4. Students with the SDS protest
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Called for protest against big corporations and government
Occupied college buildings in protest
Students with the SDS protest

5. Police arrest protestors at USC Berkley
The Free Speech Movement
University of California at Berkley restricted students’ right to distribute literature and recruit volunteers for political causes
Students protested – police broke up demonstrations
Caused more demonstrations
Supreme Court ruled that students had a right to free speech and assembly
Police arrest protestors at USC Berkley

6. The Counterculture Rebellion against dominant culture Hippies
Utopian society
Drug use
Rise of communes – group living arrangements in which everything was shared
Woodstock – music festival that became symbol of counterculture
Hippies

7. Members of the Hare Krishna Sect in California
New Religious Movements
Unification Church
Founded by Korean Sun Myung Moon
Claimed he was the next Messiah
Hare Krishna Movement
Based on Hindi sect worshipping the god Krishna
Worshippers emulated early Hindus in dress, diet and style of living
Members of the Hare Krishna Sect in California

8. Decline of Counterculture
Glamor of drug use waned
Hippies “grew up”
Rise of crime in hippy areas
Impact of Counterculture
Fashion – colorful costumes / long hair
Art – pop art from comic books / popular culture
Music & Dance – Beatles, Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Woodstock

9. Feminist demonstration
Feminist Movement
Women increasingly dissatisfied w/ roles of homemaker and unequal status in workplace
Feminism – belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – Congress ignored due to division among women
By 1960, 40% of women in workforce but paid less
Feminist demonstration

10. Fighting for Workplace Rights
President’s Commission on the Status of Women – established by President Kennedy & Eleanor Roosevelt
1963 Equal Pay Act – outlawed paying men more than women for same job
Title VII – outlawed job discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission – investigated cases of discrimination

11. National Organization for Women (NOW)
The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan) – discussed women’s lack of fulfillment
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Founded by Friedan
Fought for educational and economic opportunities for women
Organization magazine edited by Gloria Steinem
Betty Friedan

12. Title IX – prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against females
Roe v. Wade
Abortion regulated by state law
Supreme Court ruled states could not regulate abortion in first three months of pregnancy – violated “right to privacy”
Caused rise of ”Right to Life” movement

13. Conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Passed by Congress in 1972
Needed ratification by 38 states to become law
Ratified by 35 states
Opposition to amendment led by Phyllis Schlafly
ERA finally failed in 1982
Conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly

14. Affirmative Action
Called for companies doing business w/government to actively recruit blacks to improve social & economic status
Created what many called “reverse discrimination”
University of California v. Bakke – Bakke sued school b/c he was denied admission but blacks were admitted w/lower scores
Court ruled schools could not set quotas

15. Equal Access to Education
Brown v. Board of Education – ruled public schools had to desegregate at “all deliberate speed”
By 1960s many schools “segregated” by neighborhoods
Busing – transportation of students to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve racial balance
White Flight – many whites responded by moving students to private and parochial schools

16. New Political Leaders Jesse Jackson
People United to Save Humanity (PUSH) – focus on registering voters, opening up business opportunities
Congressional Black Caucus – black congressmen focusing on issues affecting blacks

17. Cesar Chavez and the UFW
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta established groups to aid migrant farm workers
Cooperated in strike against California growers
Chavez organized national boycott of grapes
Chavez & Huerta merged their groups into the United Farm Workers (UFW)
Boycott ended when growers agreed to new contract

18. Growing Political Activism
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
Brought landmark case Hernandez v. State of Texas – right of Mexican Americans to serve on juries
La Raza Unida (the United People) – mobilized Mexican American voters to push for job training and access to financial institutions
Bilingualism – practice of teaching immigrant students in their own language while they learned English

19. Native-Americans Smallest minority group <1% Poorest of minorities
Representatives of 67 tribes met and produced manifesto Declaration of Indian Purpose calling for policies to create more opportunities for Indians
American Indian Movement (AIM) – militant group. Occupied Alcatraz and Wounded Knee

20. The Environmental Movement
Silent Spring – Rachel Carson book that helped stop the use of pesticides like DDT
Smog – fog made heavier by pollution
Earth Day (April 1970) – established to celebrate nature and protest pollution
Government passed laws to protect environment
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The Clean Air Act
The Clean Water Act
Endangered Species Act

21. Child protests health hazards at Love Canal, New York
Housing development near Niagara Falls
Citizens encountered health problems – found out development sat on toxic waste dump
Citizens protested – demanded government do something
US declared area federal disaster area
Citizens sued company that created dump
Child protests health hazards at Love Canal, New York

22. Nuclear Power Plant at Three Mile Island , PA
Energy
US sought alternative to fossil fuels
Development of nuclear energy
March 1979 – Three Mile Island overheated / low levels of radiation escaped into air
Government evacuated citizens
Turned people against nuclear power
Since accident 60 nuclear sites have been shut down or abandoned – no new ones built
Nuclear Power Plant at Three Mile Island , PA
Three Mile Island Music Video