1. Salon Ecology Copyright 2014 © SAP 1. Comb in pocket
2. Bobby pins in mouth
3. No towel or neck strip on neck
4. Towels and cotton balls left on floor
5. Pulling hair out of brush in front of client
6. Dropping comb and using it on client
7. Too many electrical cords plugged into socket
8. Unlabeled water bottle seems to have a different odor than water
9. Stylist in dirty clothes
10.A swarm of mosquitoes
1 1.Smoking over the client
12.Cape is full of hair from prior client
13.Pet cat is in imaginary salon
14.Wastebasket is overflowing
15.Client is offered drink from stylist’s cup
16,Microwave is on counter - stylist stops once in awhile to stir up lunch
17.Improper blood spill procedure
18.Stylist smells perm on his/her hands from last

2. 1. Comb in pocket 2. Bobby pins in mouth 3
1. Comb in pocket 2. Bobby pins in mouth 3. No towel or neck strip on neck 4. Towels and cotton balls left on floor 5. Pulling hair out of brush in front of client 6. Dropping comb and using it on client 7. Too many electrical cords plugged into socket 8. Unlabeled water bottle seems to have a different odor than water 9. Stylist in dirty clothes 10.A swarm of mosquitoes 1 1.Smoking over the client 12.Cape is full of hair from prior client 13.Pet cat is in imaginary salon 14.Wastebasket is overflowing 15.Client is offered drink from stylist’s cup 16,Microwave is on counter - stylist stops once in awhile to stir up lunch 17.Improper blood spill procedure 18.Stylist smells perm on his/her hands from last

3. BACTERIOLOGY
Bacteriology is the science that deals with the study of microorganisms called bacteria.
Bacteria are minute, one-celled microorganisms that are found nearly everywhere.
Bacteria are prominent in dust, dirt, refuse, and diseased tissues.
Bacteria are also known as germs or microbes.
Bacteria can exist almost anywhere.
Bacteria can only be seen through a microscope.
1,500 rod-shaped bacteria will fit on the head of a pin.
From one bacterium, as many as sixteen million more may develop in half a day.

4. TWO TYPES OF BACTERIA NONPATHOGENIC PATHOGENIC
These are helpful or harmless.
They have useful functions:
Decompose refuse
Improve soil fertility
Help metabolize food
Protect against microorganisms
Stimulate immune response
Saprophytes are nonpathogenic bacteria that live on dead matter and do not produce disease.
PATHOGENIC
These are harmful.
Disease-producing
When invading plant or animal tissue
Parasites require living matter for their growth.

5. THREE GENERAL FORMS OF BACTERIA
Cocci
round shape
Bacilli
rod shape
Spirilla
spiral
corkscrew shape

6. COCCI Are round-shaped Appear singly or in groups
Rarely show active mobility or movement
Transmitted via air, dust, or in substances in which they settle

7. COCCI Staphylococci are pus-forming. grow in bunches or clusters.
cause abscesses, pustules, and boils.
Streptococci
grow in chains.
cause infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning.
Diplococci
grow in pairs.
cause pneumonia.

8. BACILLI and SPIRILLA Spirilla are spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria.
are subdivided into several groups:
Treponema pallida causes syphilis (STD).
Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease.
Bacilli
are short, rod-shaped bacteria.
are the most common type bacteria.
produce diseases such as:
tetanus.
influenza.
typhoid fever.
tuberculosis.
diphtheria.

9. MOVEMENT OF BACTERIA Cocci rarely show active movement.
Bacilli and spirilla
are both motile.
use slender, hair-like extensions for locomotion—flagella and cilia make a whip-like motion that moves the bacteria in liquid.

10. GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
Bacteria generally consist of an outer cell wall and internal protoplasm.
Bacteria
manufacture their own food.
give off waste products.
grow and reproduce.

11. TWO PHASES IN LIFE CYCLE
Active or vegetative stage
Inactive or spore-forming stage

12. ACTIVE OR VEGETATIVE PHASE
Bacteria thrive in a warm, moist, dark, and dirty environment.
Bacteria take about 20 to 30 minutes to reach full growth.
When bacteria reach their largest size, they divide into two new cells.
This division is called mitosis.
The new cells are called daughter cells.

13. INACTIVE OR SPORE-FORMING PHASE
Anthrax and tetanus bacilli form spherical spores with tough outer coating makes them resistant to adverse conditions.
Dormant bacteria can withstand long periods without food.
Spores can be blown about and come to rest on surfaces within the salon.
When favorable conditions are restored, the spores become active or vegetative and begin to grow and reproduce again.
Bacteria in the inactive stage can ultimately be a threat to spread disease or infection in the salon.

14. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
An infection occurs when body tissues are invaded by disease-causing or pathogenic bacteria.
The presence of pus is a sign of infection.
Pus is a fluid product of inflammation and contains white blood cells and the debris of dead cells, tissue elements, and bacteria.

15. LOCAL INFECTION A local infection is confined to a single area. Pimple
Boil
Infected cut
Presence of pus is a sign of infection.
Staphylococci are the most common pus-forming bacteria.

16. GENERAL INFECTION
Pathogenic bacteria and their toxins are carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body.
Blood poisoning and syphilis are two well-known examples.

17. CONTAGIOUS OR COMMUNICABLE INFECTIONS
Disease spread by one person to another
Through direct or indirect contact such as
coughing
sneezing
unclean hands
unclean implements
open sores
common drinking cups or common towels, etc.
Common contagious diseases preventing cosmetologists from working are
tuberculosis.
colds.
ringworm.
scabies.
head lice.
viral infections.

18. DID YOU KNOW?
A rod-shaped bacteria called Mycobacterium fortuitum furunculosis was long thought to be harmless.
This bacteria is now causing concern in California.
In 2000, this bacteria caused infection in over 100 clients who received pedicures in the same salon.
The infection caused stubborn, ugly sores that lingered for months, required the use of strong antibiotics and in some cases caused scarring.
The source of infection was traced to the salon’s whirlpool foot spas.

19. DID YOU KNOW?
Failure to follow the manufacturer’s cleaning instructions left built-up debris and created the perfect breeding ground for the normally harmless bacteria.
The outbreak proved to be expensive and hard to treat and created a need for a regulatory change in the industry.
The salon owner’s license was revoked.
Foot spa chlorination is now recommended.

20. VIRUSES
Are submicroscopic structures capable of infesting almost all plants, animals, and bacteria
Can pass through the pores of a porcelain filter

21. VIRUSES
Cause common colds and other respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, including:
Measles
Mumps
Chicken pox
Smallpox
Rabies
Yellow fever
Polio
Influenza
HIV (AIDS)
Live by penetrating cells
Are resistant to antibiotics
Vaccination will help prevent; however, not available for all viruses

22. HEPATITIS
Hepatitis is a disease marked by inflammation of the liver and caused by a bloodborne virus similar to HIV in transmission.
This virus is present in all body fluids.
Types of hepatitis include:
Hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B (HBV).
Hepatitis C (HCV).

23. HEPATITIS A Illness lasts about three weeks.
Symptoms are similar to flu symptoms.
Adults often have yellowing of skin or the eyes
The disease is spread through
close contact.
poor sanitation and poor personal hygiene.
contaminated food, milk, water, and shellfish.
infected food handlers.
sexual contact.
A vaccine is available.

24. HEPATITIS B (HBV)
This illness can cause long-term hepatitis, cirrhosis, and/or liver cancer.
There may be flu-like symptoms or no symptoms at all.
The disease is primarily transmitted through sexual contact or parenteral exposure (piercing mucous membranes or skin barrier) to blood or blood products.
A vaccine is available.

25. HEPATITIS C (HCV)
Progresses slowly, and about one third of those with the illness show no symptoms
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Stomach pain
Also transferred through parenteral contact and sexual activity with infected partners
No vaccine

26. HIV/AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
AIDS breaks down the body’s immune system.
One can be infected for 11 years without symptoms.
A person may be HIV-positive and transmitting the disease without even knowing it.

27. HIV/AIDS HIV is passed through blood and body fluids through
unprotected sexual contact.
sharing of iv needles with infected drug users.
accidents with needles in health care facilities.
cuts and sores.
HIV is NOT transmitted by
Holding hands.
hugging.
kissing.
sharing food or household items such as telephones or toilet seats.
There are no documented cases of the virus being transmitted by food handlers, insects, or casual contact.

28. HOW PATHOGENS ENTER THE BODY
Break in the skin—a cut, pimple, or scratch
Mouth—by breathing or swallowing air, water, or food
Nose—air
Eyes or ears—dirt
Unprotected sex

29. HOW BODY FIGHTS INFECTION
Unbroken skin
Body secretions such as perspiration and digestive juices
White blood cells
Antitoxins
Remember: Infections can be prevented and controlled through personal hygiene and public sanitation.

30. BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
These are disease-causing bacteria or viruses that are carried through the body in the blood or body fluids.
They are passed through contaminated implements.
Take extra precautions for disinfecting implements anytime there is the presence of blood.

31. PARASITES
Parasites are vegetable or animal organisms that live in or on (and draw nourishment from) other living organisms.
Parasites are responsible for contagious diseases.
A parasite carried by a mosquito causes malaria.
Insects carrying diseases from one person to another are known as disease vectors.
Contagious diseases caused by parasites are never treated in a cosmetology school or salon; refer the client to a physician.

32. VEGETABLE PARASITES OR FUNGI
Molds, mildews, and yeasts (fungi) can produce contagious skin diseases such as
ringworm.
favus.
Nail fungus can be contracted through implements that have not been disinfected properly or by moisture trapped under nail enhancements.
Nail fungus is chronic and usually localized but can be spread to other nails, and from client to client.

33. HEAD LICE
A skin disease caused by an infestation of head lice is called pediculosis capitis.
Head lice are called pediculosis.

34. SCABIES
Scabies is a contagious skin disease that is caused by the itch mite.
The itch mite burrows under skin and causes scabies.

35. IMMUNITY
Immunity is the body’s ability to fight off or resist infections and disease, and to destroy bacteria that have entered the body.

36. NATURAL IMMUNITY An inborn ability to resist certain diseases
Partly inherited and partly developed through hygienic living
Helpful factors:
Proper rest
Exercise
Wholesome diet

37. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
The body acquires immunity after it has overcome a disease or through inoculation.
The disease or inoculation causes the blood cells to produce antibodies, which are proteins that fight disease germs.
Acquired immunity may be temporary or permanent.

38. HUMAN DISEASE CARRIER
A carrier is personally immune to a disease but can transmit germs to others.
Typhoid fever and diphtheria can be transmitted this way.

39. PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION
Proper care must be taken to meet rigorous health standards in order to prevent the spread of disease.
Clients depend on us to ensure their safety.

40. CONTAMINATION
To contaminate is to make impure by contact; to taint or pollute.
A contaminant is any substance that causes contamination.

41. DECONTAMINATION sterilization. disinfection. sanitation.
Decontamination is the removal of pathogens and other substances from tools or surfaces by
sterilization.
disinfection.
sanitation.
Only sanitation and disinfection are required in the salon.

42. STERILIZATION Is the highest level of decontamination
Destroys every organism on surface whether beneficial or harmful
Kills bacterial spores

43. STERILIZATION Includes: Steam autoclave is most popular.
works like a pressure cooker.
injects steam to raise temperature above that of boiling water.
will eventually kill all living organisms, including bacterial spores.
Dry Heat
works like an oven.
bakes objects until all forms of life are dead.

44. IMPORTANT POINT Use the word “sterilize” correctly.
You can only sterilize nonporous surfaces such as metal implements.
You cannot sterilize the skin or nails.
Sterilization is impractical and unnecessary in salons.

45. DISINFECTION
Controls microorganisms on hard nonporous surfaces such as instruments or implements
Is a higher level of decontamination than sanitation
Is second only to sterilization
Does not kill bacterial spores
Is NOT for human skin, hair, nails
Always follow manufacturers’ directions.
Products that are developed to be safe may be dangerous if used incorrectly.
Disinfectants must be used in strict accordance with directions.
List of Germicides
FORMALIN
10% to 25%
POISON
Pungent odor
ALCOHOL
70%
HARMLESS
Effective
CHLOROZOL 2%
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
1/1000 Solution
NON - TOXIC
Odorless
PHENOL
3% to 5%
BICHLORIDE OF MERCURY
0.1%
Irritates
Quaternary ammonium compounds have also been shown to have antimicrobial activity.[6] Certain quaternary ammonium compounds, especially those containing long alkyl chains, are used as antimicrobials and disinfectants. Examples are benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetrimonium, cetrimide, dofanium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, didecyldimethylammonium chloride and domiphen bromide. Also good against fungi, amoeba, and enveloped viruses,[7] quats are believed to act by disrupting the cell membrane.[citation needed] Quaternary ammonium compounds are lethal to a wide variety of organisms except endospores, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-enveloped viruses.
In contrast to phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds are not very effective in the presence of organic compounds. Yet, they are very effective in combination with phenols. Quaternary ammonium compounds are deactivated by soaps, other anionic detergents, and cotton fibers.[7] Also, they are not recommended for use in hard water. Effective levels are at 200 ppm.[8] They are effective at temperatures up to 212 °F (100 °C).
Quaternary ammonium salts are commonly used in the foodservice industry as sanitizing agents.

46. EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Disinfectants must be approved by the EPA in your state:
Product label must contain EPA registration number.
Label lists organisms the product has been tested for.
Label gives directions for use.
Label lists safety precautions.
Label lists active ingredients.

47. AN EFFICACY LABEL
The EPA-approved disinfectant label must have a registration number.
The number ensures that the disinfectant has proven effective against certain organisms.
The label will tell you exactly which organisms the disinfectant has been tested for, such as
HIV-1.
Hepatitis B virus.

48. MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
Federal law requires manufacturers to provide you with important information such as
directions for use.
safety precautions.
list of active ingredients.
content.
associated hazards.
combustion levels.
storage requirements.

49. SAMPLE MSDS

50. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA was created as part of the U.S. Department of Labor.
OSHA enforces safety and health standards in the workplace.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 established the Hazard Communication Rule that requires manufacturers to assess hazards associated with their products.
OSHA standards are important to cosmetology because of the nature of the chemicals used.

51. CHOOSING A DISINFECTANT
Disinfectants are chemicals.
We must read and follow directions.
Efficacy means effectiveness against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

52. HOSPITAL-GRADE DISINFECTANT
This disinfectant must be pseudomonacidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal.
Effective February 28, 1997, OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard requires use of EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant OR an EPA-registered disinfectant labeled as effective against HIV-1 and HBV.

53. HOSPITAL-GRADE DISINFECTANT
If school and/or salon implements come into contact with blood or body fluids, they must be cleaned and completely immersed in an EPA-registered disinfectant that kills HIV-1 and HBV, or in a tuberculocidal disinfectant.
The National Interstate Council of State Cosmetology Boards (NICS) follows this standard for testing as well.

54. PROPER USE OF DISINFECTANTS
Clean implements thoroughly before immersing.
Change solutions daily.
Completely submerge implements for proper disinfection.

55. ULTRASONIC BATH
High-frequency sound waves create powerful, cleansing bubbles in the liquid that clean tiny crevices impossible to reach with a brush.

56. TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS
Quats
Phenols
Alcohol
Bleach
Household cleaners

57. QUATS Quaternary ammonium compounds
Quats are nontoxic, odorless, and fast-acting.
Most disinfect in 10 to 15 minutes.
Long-term exposure may damage fine steel; oil metal implements regularly.
Quats are effective for cleaning surfaces.

58. PHENOLS Phenolic disinfectants
Phenols are caustic poisons, but are safe and effective if used properly.
They may soften and discolor certain rubber and plastic.
A 5% solution is used most often for metal implements.
Avoid skin contact—phenols can cause skin irritation, and concentrated phenols can seriously burn skin and eyes.
Keep out of reach of children; some phenols are poisonous if ingested.

59. ALCOHOL Methyl alcohol is not used in salons.
Ethyl alcohol needs to be no less than 70% to be effective.
Isopropyl alcohol must be 99% to be effective.
Alcohols are not EPA-registered as disinfectants.
They are not permitted for use with implements in states requiring hospital-grade disinfection.
Disadvantages:
They are extremely flammable.
They evaporate quickly.
They are slow-acting, less effective.
They corrode tools and dull sharp edges.
Vapors can cause headaches and nausea.

60. HOUSEHOLD BLEACH AND CLEANERS
BLEACH—sodium hypochlorite (household bleach)
Effective as a disinfectant but not tested for disinfection of salon implements
Effective as a laundering additive
OTHER HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS
Other household cleaners can be effective disinfectants but should not be used on salon implements.

61. DISINFECTANT SAFETY Disinfectants are hazardous if used incorrectly.
Some are poisonous if ingested.
Some may cause skin and eye damage.
Wear gloves and safety glasses.
Add disinfectant to water; never add water to disinfectant.
Use tongs, gloves, or draining basket when removing implements from disinfectants.
Keep them away from children.
Do not pour quats, phenols, etc. over your hands.
Carefully weigh and measure products.
Never place anything in unmarked containers.
Always follow manufacturer’s recommendations.

62. CAUTIONS Formalin (formaldehyde) is not safe for salon use.
Formalin may cause cancer.
Formalin is poisonous when inhaled and is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs; it can cause allergies.
Electric or bead “sterilizers” do NOT sterilize.
For dry heat to effectively sterilize, the entire implement including handle is submerged in an EPA-registered disinfectant solution and then heated to 325°F for at least 30 minutes.

63. DISINFECTION PROCEDURES

64. IMPLEMENTS
Preclean to remove hair, filings, and other loose matter by scrubbing with soap and water.
Rinse thoroughly and pat dry.
Wear gloves and/or safety glasses.
Mix solution by following directions.
Use gloves and tongs to immerse and remove implements.
Rinse thoroughly; air-dry.
Place in clean container.

65. DISINFECTION PROCEDURES
Linens and capes—launder and bleach according to label directions.
Electrical equipment—wipe and spray with EPA-registered, hospital-grade, tuberculocidal disinfectant created for electrical equipment.
Work surfaces—use EPA-registered disinfectant.

66. WHIRLPOOL FOOT SPAS Drain water and remove all foreign matter.
Clean surfaces and walls with soap; rinse with clean, clear water.
Disinfect with EPA-registered disinfectant.
Rinse and wipe dry with clean towel.
At end of each day, remove screen and remove trapped debris.

67. WHIRLPOOL FOOT SPAS
Wash screen and inlet with soap and chlorine solutions.
Immerse in EPA-registered disinfectant.
Flush system with low-sudsing soap and water for 10 minutes.
Rinse, drain, and let air-dry.
Every two weeks:
Fill with 5 gallons of water and 4 tsps of 5% bleach solution.
Circulate solution through system for 5 to 10 minutes.
Let solution sit overnight (6 to 10 hours).
Drain and flush.

68. BLOOD SPILL DISINFECTION
Stop service and clean injured area.
Apply antiseptic or spray styptic.
Cover injury with bandage or other appropriate dressing.
Use finger guard or gloves as needed.
Clean client and workstation.
Discard of all disposable contaminated objects by double-bagging.
Deposit sharp disposables in a sharps box.
Wash hands with soap and warm water.
Disinfect all tools contaminated with blood or body fluids by complete immersion in an EPA-registered disinfectant that kills HIV-1 and HBV, or in a tuberculocidal disinfectant.

69. OPEN SORES OR WOUNDS Never touch an open sore or wound.
Refer your client to a physician.
If a cut occurs, after properly disinfecting all implements and surfaces, seal contaminated wipes or cotton balls in a plastic bag before disposing.
Wash your hands thoroughly.

70. DISPENSARY Keep the dispensary clean and orderly.
Clearly label all containers.
Maintain an MSDS on all chemicals.

71. HANDLING DISPOSABLES Place in closed container.
Double-bag anything that comes in contact with blood and mark the bag with a biohazard sticker.
Use puncture-proof containers for sharp instruments.

72. SANITATION Lowest level of decontamination To sanitize is to:
“significantly reduce the number of pathogens or disease-producing organisms found on a surface.”
clean with soaps or detergents.

73. MOLD AND MILDEW
Mold is a fungus growth that usually grows in dark, damp places.
Mildew is a moldy coating produced by fungi and can appear on walls, fabrics, and the like.
Spores carry toxins that cause allergic reactions and sickness.
Dirt on surfaces provides nutrients for mold.
Proper sanitation prevents growth.
Avoid use of bar soaps in salons; pump-type liquids are safer.

74. WASHING HANDS Wet your hands with warm water.
Use liquid soap and scrub hands together for 15 to 20 seconds.
Give attention to areas between fingers, nails, both sides of hands, and exposed portions of arms.
Rinse well with warm water.
Dry with disposable paper towel or air blower.
Do not use cloth towels.

75. CAUTION
Hand-washing is the single most effective measure for reducing the spread of infectious disease.
Be aware that antibacterial soap may not kill more germs than regular soap and water, and can be harmful in that it can leave the skin vulnerable to skin problems such as eczema.

76. ANTISEPTICS
Can kill, retard, or prevent the growth of bacteria, but are not classified as disinfectants
Are weaker than disinfectants and are safe for use on the skin

77. UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
OSHA sets the standards that must be used in the industry for dealing with bloodborne pathogens.
Universal Precautions are a set of guidelines and controls published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Guidelines require the employer and employee to assume that all human blood and specified human body fluids are infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
Clients who are infected with Hepatitis B or other bloodborne pathogens are often asymptomatic (show no symptoms).

78. PRECAUTIONS Hand-washing Wearing gloves
Using personal protective equipment such as goggles
Injury prevention
Proper handling and disposal of needles, sharp instruments, and products contaminated by blood or other body fluids

79. THE PROFESSIONAL IMAGE
SALON GUIDELINES
Deposit waste in self-closing receptacle.
Mop floor and vacuum daily.
Control dust.
Keep windows, screens, and curtains clean.
Clean fans, vents, and humidifiers regularly.
Sweep floors after each client.
Keep work areas well lighted.
Keep hot and cold running water.

80. SALON GUIDELINES Keep restrooms clean and tidy.
Maintain toilet tissue, paper towels, and pump soap.
Clean sinks and water fountains regularly.
Provide disposable drinking cups.
Keep salon free of insects and rodents.
Never use salon area for cooking or living quarters.
Never store food with salon products.
Keep service areas free of food, drink, and smoke.
Empty waste receptacles daily.

81. SALON GUIDELINES Properly mark containers.
Keep exteriors of containers clean.
Do not place tools in your mouth or pockets.
Avoid touching your face, mouth, or eyes during services.
Use only freshly laundered linens.
Disinfect all surfaces between client services.
Do not allow pets or animals except trained service animals.
Use an air purification system.

82. YOUR PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Learn your state rules regarding sanitation and client safety.
Never take shortcuts in sanitation or disinfection.
Put client and personal safety first at all times.

83. SUMMARY
The state regulatory agency and local health board require that businesses serving the public follow certain sanitary precautions.
Contagious diseases, skin infections, and blood poisoning are caused either by infectious bacteria transmitted from one individual to another or by the use of unsanitary implements.
Protecting both yourself and your clients from infections or disease is critical to success in your salon.
It is essential to follow Universal Precautions.
Do not take shortcuts when it comes to sanitation and disinfection.