1. How far can we go for the sake of psychological advancement?
Reading Guide 2D

2. Identify how ethical issues inform and constrain research practices.
Describe how ethical and legal guidelines protect research participants and promote sound ethical practice.

3. What to expect for the test
40 multiple choice
FRQ
Terms on FRQ: Remember define AND apply Scores Case Study Survey Naturalistic Observation Operational Definition Independent and Dependent Variables Random Assignment Central tendency and Inferential Statistics Ethical Guidelines

4. DO NOW
Complete the scenario assigned to your group (the one circled) and complete the backside. Be prepared to share out & review your answers as a class.

5. #1 Cell phones ANSWER: (a) This is an observational study
#1 Cell phones ANSWER: (a) This is an observational study. Patients were matched by age, sex, and race, but the investigators did not impose any treatment. They simply asked about cell phone use and recorded the responses.
(b) No, the results of this study are encouraging, but cause-and-effect conclusions, like this one, must be based on experiments.
#2 Survey, experiment, or observational study? ANSWER:
This type of question is best addressed with a survey by polling agencies like the Gallup Organization. They use a variety of methods to get representative samples from the entire country and have experts who can clarify the wording of particular questions to avoid bias. Wording which leads the respondent to think about economic issues would likely get a much different response than wording which leads the respondent to think about social, political, or global issues.
(b) Since we are interested in comparing two different teaching methods and making an inference to all college students, an experiment is best. College students who are interested in taking accounting must be randomly selected and then those students must be randomly placed into two groups, one which will be taught in a classroom and another which will learn the same material online. Describing ideal experiments is easy, but think about the practical problems (and costs) associated with the experiment described above.
(c) Since we are specifically interested in how long your teachers wait before asking a question, it would be easiest to use an observational study that is not a survey. Different lectures, labs, or discussions should be randomly selected for each teacher. During the class, simply record the amount of time the teacher waits to move on after asking each question. Since teachers have different styles, you will have to think about whether you want the same number of questions for each teacher, which would require you to observe some teachers longer than others, or whether you want to observe each teacher for the same amount of time.

6. #3 Wine Consumption ANSWER (a) In an observational study, people who drink alcohol would be randomly selected and then variables which measure health characteristics would be collected and compared. In an experiment, the researchers would randomly assign the treatment (type of alcohol) to the participants and they would be required to drink that type of alcohol. The variables, which measure health characteristics would be collected and compared after a reasonable amount of time.
(b) Wine drinkers tend to be wealthier, exercise more frequently, and have better eating habits than beer drinkers.
#4 Abstinence or Not? ANSWER:
a) No, there will be variation from sample to sample so we would not expect the sample percentage to be exactly equal to the population percentage.
(b) Yes, it does appear that a higher percentage of girls thought young people should abstain from sex until marriage. A difference of 64% − 48% = 16% or something larger would be extremely unlikely if boys and girls thought the same way about abstinence.

7. #5. TV Violence ANSWER:
Available data from family interviews and police records were used. No treatments were imposed in order to observe various responses.
(b) Parental involvement, profession of parents, educational priorities, amount of reading, type of child care, participation in sports, and participation in other activities with peers are just a few other variables that may be related to the amount of TV watched. The effects of these other variables are mixed up with and cannot be separated from the effect of watching TV. This is known as confounding.

8. Identify how ethical issues inform and constrain research practices.
Describe how ethical and legal guidelines protect research participants and promote sound ethical practice.

9. WWII- mainly in Nazi Germany
Radiation experiments
Tuskegee- experiment conducted until 1972

10. American Psychological Association Code of Ethics created in 1953
Institutional Review Board (IRB)= the panel that approves research
This is per institution.
i.e. colleges have their own IRB

11. Protection from harm and discomfort
Informed consent
Must inform potential participants about every aspect of the study that might influence their decision to participate and ensure that participation is voluntary
Assent- minors cannot give written consent, so the experimenter must continuously get assent from the child in order to proceed
Professor’s kids
Limited deception
Must ONLY deceive people when it is absolutely essential to the study and MUST tell about deception at end of study during debriefing
Protection from harm and discomfort
Must minimize any discomfort or risk involved in the study and must act to prevent participants from suffering any long-term negative consequences
Freedom to participate (or withdraw at any time)
Confidentiality
Must keep personal information about the participants a secret…report results in such a way that personal information is not disclosed
Debriefing
Must reveal all relevant information about the research and correcting any misimpressions it created
Participant must leave the study in the same way they arrived
Professor’s alcohol experiment

13. Because behavior is interesting in and of itself
Because research with animals can give information that would be impossible or unethical to collect from humans
Animals are not usually subjected to extreme pain, starvation or other inhumane conditions – if animals are to be harmed in research, it must first be deemed necessary to benefit human welfare (or else it is not done or even okayed for research)
There are guidelines as to how to care for animals in research just as there are for humans

14. American Psychological Association Code of Ethics created in 1953
Animal research must also be approved by an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

15. Animals… ABCs of laboratory animal research
Appropriate- nothing cruel and unusual
Beneficial- must benefit human psychological research
Caring- must care for the animals’ well-being
Regulations on # of cages available, clean cages, food, etc.

16. “Inherent value”- they ask “Who is entitled to hold rights?”
Utilitarian Argument- uses principle of equality to oppose animals in research.
All animals can suffer, therefore they should not be subject to it.
“Inherent value”- they ask “Who is entitled to hold rights?”
Animals should not be treated as renewable resources

17. Ethical Guidelines – IRB Approval
Human Studies:
Voluntary participation & withdrawal
Informed consent
Anonymity
No significant risk
Debrief
Animal Studies:
Clear purpose
Acquired legally
Humane treatment & conditions
Least amount suffering possible

18. Stanford prison experiment

19. Review last minute details and quiz