1. FINAL- CLICKER REVIEW

2. How does a molecule of water form?
Hydrogen bonds between H and O
Covalent bonds between H and O
Shared electrons between H and O
All of the above
B & C

3. A nonpolar molecule Shares electrons equally to form a covalent bond
Does not share electrons equally to form a covalent bond
Shares electrons equally to form an ionic bond
Does not share electrons equally to form an ionic bond

4. In a hydrolysis reaction
a water molecule is used to break a covalent bond.
a water molecule is used to break an ionic bond.
a water molecule is formed in order to create a covalent bond.
a water molecule is formed in order to create an ionic bond.

5. Which type of organic macromolecule is this?
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate

6. What type of molecule is this?
Cholesterol
Protein chain
Fatty acid chain
DNA backbone
Glycerol

7. What type of molecule is this?
Lipid
Starch
Phospholipid
A & C
None of the above

8. How is secondary protein structure different than tertiary protein structure?
Secondary structure results from hydrogen bonding between R groups whereas tertiary structure results from covalent bonding between R groups
Secondary structure results from hydrogen bonding between backbones whereas tertiary structure results from covalent bonding between R groups
Secondary structure results from hydrogen bonding between backbones whereas tertiary structure results from R group interactions

9. How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?
They provide the energy needed to break/form covalent bonds.
They lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.
They are the substrate upon which a reaction can occur.
They change the temperature of the environment to a more favorable one for the reaction.

10. What type of model does the diagram depict in regards to modeling enzyme reactions?
Lock & Key
Induced Fit
Active site inducer
Noncompetitive active site

11. What type of inhibition is this?
Competitive inhibition
Noncompetitive inhibition
Allosteric inhibition
Interference inhibition

12. What is the name of this bond?
Phosphodiester
Ester
Peptide
Glycosidic linkage

13. What enzyme makes rRNA? RNA polymerase DNA polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Primase

14. What cellular organelle assembles rRNA with proteins to make a ribosome?
Peroxisome
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth ER
Lysosome

15. Which of the following organelles is NOT shared by prokaryotes & eukaryotes?
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Nucleus
Mitochondria
D & E
C, D, & E

16. Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Lysosome
If a protein is being exported out of the cell, what organelle packages it into a vesicle right before it is exported?
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome

17. Ribosomes Mitochondria Nuclei Vacuoles
Immune system cells called B-cells make a lot of antibodies when they are activated. What organelle would you expect to find in large numbers?
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Nuclei
Vacuoles

18. Lysosome: break down nonfunctioning organelles
Which of the following cellular organelles is paired with an incorrect function?
Lysosome: break down nonfunctioning organelles
Smooth ER: synthesize phospholipids
Chloroplast: synthesize simple carbohydrates
Mitochondria: use oxygen to hydrolyze ATP
Nucleus: regulates cellular activity

19. Which of the following types of transport is paired with an incorrect definition?
Active transport: uses ATP to concentrate molecules on one side of a membrane
Exocytosis: uses ATP to bring a substance into the cell
Facilitated diffusion: uses a protein to move a substance across a membrane down its gradient
Osmosis: water moves across a membrane down its gradient
Diffusion: substance moves across a membrane down its gradient

20. In which direction will there be a net movement of water?
To the right
To the left
No net movement of water

21. This animal cell is in what type of osmotic environment?
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic

22. This plant cell is in what type of osmotic environment?
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic

23. How many chromatids are there in the diagram below?2 4 8

24. What phase of mitosis is this?
Prophase II
Metaphase
Telophase
Anaphase
Prometaphase

25. Which of these cells are in metaphase I of meiosis?B

26. What is the name of the indicated structure (green lines)?
Centromere
Spindle
Kinetochore
Centrosome

27. Excited electrons from the Light Harvesting Complex (pigments) are passed from molecule to molecule until they reach what?
The reaction center
The ETC
NADP+ reductase
carotenoids

28. Where are the photosystems located?
stroma
Thylakoid space
Thylakoid membrane
Intermembrane space

29. What is the difference in energy produced between cyclic and noncyclic energy flow?
In cyclic energy flow, only ATP is made
In noncyclic energy flow, ATP & NADPH are made
Cyclic electron flow produces more energy than noncyclic energy flow
Both A and B
All of the above are true

30. In photosynthesis, before ATP is generated, where is the H+ concentration greatest?
Thylakoid space/ lumen
Intermembrane space
Stroma
cytoplasm

31. In photosynthesis, what molecule does oxygen originate from?
Carbon dioxide
Chlorophyll a
Water
Glucose

32. What happens in the Reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?
A 3-C sugar (GP) is phosphorylated and reduced
5 molecules of G3P are regeneration into RuBP using 3 ATP
Inorganic carbon dioxide becomes part of an organic molecule
None of the above

33. Where does carbon dioxide come from in cellular respiration?
The ETC
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Both C & D
B, C, & D

34. In cellular respiration, where are 2 ATP made through substrate level phosphorylation?
Krebs cycle
Link reaction
Glycolysis
ETC
A and C
A, B, & C
B & C

35. Where in the cell does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
Cristae
Inner membrane
Intermembrane
Mitochondrial matrix

36. In cellular respiration, when H+ ions are pumped across through ETC protein channels, where are they more concentrated?
Intermembrane space
Matrix
Cytoplasm
None of the above

37. In the Kreb’s cycle, acetyl-CoA binds to a molecule that will be regenerated by the end of the cycle. What is the name of that molecule?
Rubisco
Acetyl-CoA
RuBP
Oxaloacetate

38. If a molecule has been oxidized, what does that mean?
It has taken electrons
It has given electrons
It has been reduced
Both A and C

39. What is the end product of alcoholic fermentation?
Methanol
Ethanol+ CO2
Acetylaldehyde
Lactic acid + CO2

40. If an organism has 24% adenine (A) nucleotides, what percent of guanine (G) would you expect to find?
24%
26%
48%
52%
None of the above

41. Which of the following DNA replication enzymes is incorrectly paired with its function?
Primase: makes an RNA nucleotide primer
DNA polymerase I: elongates a DNA daughter strand
Helicase: unwinds DNA
DNA ligase: creates a phosphodiester bond

42. The overall appearance of DNA synthesis moving in the 3’ to 5’ direction occurs with
The lagging strand
The leading strand
Okazaki fragments
Both A & C
Both B & C

43. What is the name of what is circled?
mRNA binding site
Amino acid binding site
Anticodon
Codon

44. An mRNA codon with the sequence ACU would complementary pair with what tRNA sequence?
TGA
UGT
UGA
None of the above

45. A DNA sequence of CAC codes for what amino acid?
Histidine
Valine
Glutamic acid
None of the above

46. What is the diploid number of this cell?2 3 6 12

47. How many chromosomes will one cell have in Anaphase II?3 6 12 24

48. How many alleles does a man have for a gene that is found on an autosome?1 2 4

49. What process is illustrated and when does it occur?
Kinetochore attachment: prophase I
Recombination: fertilization
Crossing over: prophase I
Recombination: prometaphase

50. Which of the following is a testcross?
AaBb x AaBb
AaBB x aaBB
aabb x aabb
AaBb x aabb

51. What is the phenotypic ratio of the following cross? Aa x Aa
3 Aa: 1 Aa
1AA: 2Aa: 1aa
3 black: 1 white
1 black: 2 lethal/dead: 1 white

52. IBIB rr  B- IBi Rr  B+ ii Rr  O- IAIB Rr  AB+
Which of the following genotypes is incorrectly paired with its phenotype? (R: Rh + / r: Rh-)
IBIB rr  B-
IBi Rr  B+
ii Rr  O-
IAIB Rr  AB+

53. Which chromosome is absolutely necessary for an embryos survival?
Autosome Y
Sex chromosome Y
Sex chromosome X
All of the above

54. Which of the following inheritance patterns is incorrectly paired with its definition?
Autosomal recessive: organism needs 2 alleles to show phenotype
Pleiotropy: several genes encode information for 1 phenotype
Epistasis: 1 gene can suppress effect/product of another gene
Sex-linked recessive: women need 2 alleles and men need 1 allele to show phenotype

55. What is the function of PCR?
Increase the amount of specific DNA regions
Identify an individuals genotype
Provide a DNA fingerprint
Test for paternity
All of the above

56. Why do DNA fragments move in gel electrophoresis?
They are small
They are nonpolar
They have a negative charge
They are ionic

57. What is the function of restriction enzymes in biotechnology?
Anneal to DNA
Splice DNA
Elongate DNA
Seal DNA

58. Which of the following is an example of sympatric speciation?
A polyploidy plant
A diploid plant
2 species of squirrel separated by the Grand Canyon
A & C

59. Which of the following is NOT a condition of Hardy-Weinberg?
Small population
No mutation
Random mating
No gene flow
No natural selection

60. A disease is inherited recessively
A disease is inherited recessively. If the frequency of the A allele in a population is 0.4, what would be the frequency of inheriting the disease?
40%
16%
60%
36%

61. What was the result of Miller & Urey’s experiment?
Protobionts were seen
The atmosphere became an oxidizing one
Enzymes were synthesized
Amino acids were synthesized

62. What is convergent evolution?
Evolution of similar phenotype in very distantly related lineages
Evolution of similar phenotype in closely related lineages
Accumulation of differences between groups which may lead to speciation
Convergent evolution is synonymous with adaptive radiation.

63. A change in allele frequency would be most likely in which situation?
When an ecosystem is stable
After a massive hurricane
If a region goes through a severe drought
All of the above
B & C