1. World War I: The Poster War
Causes of the War
Enlistment Strategies
Government Issues
Cultural Implications of the War

2. Long Term Causes: Nationalism Imperialism Militarism
Extreme pride and love for one’s country
Imperialism
Competition for resources and markets
Militarism
Glorification of Military Tradition
Balance of Power in Europe
Arms Race: makes many industrialists rich!
ALLIANCE SYSTEM: TRIPLE ENTENTE VS TRIPLE ALLIANCE

3. Italy originally was a member of the Triple Alliance but changed sides when Germany attacked Belgium, saying that it was a Defensive alliance, not offensive….

4. Medium Term Causes: Great Empires in Decline Mini-Wars in the Balkans
Russian Empire facing communist propaganda; failed revolution in 1905; Agrarian economy.
Austria-Hungary faces diverse ethnic groups who want more control; political unrest.
Mini-Wars in the Balkans
Newly independent Serbia and Albania; Serbia wants a navy

5. Short Term Causes: Assassination of Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary
Killed by an ethnic serbian belonging to a militant serbian terrorist group
Austrian citizen however
Austria demands that the Country of Serbia allows investigators into Serbia…..Germany backs Austria, Russia Backs Serbia, France tells Germany to Chill……..Britain sits back and yells, FIGHT, FIGHT, FIGHT,……..

6. America’s Dilemma: Isolation or Intervention?
Americans in favor of war:--not many!
Imperialists
Anti-German groups
German Political Immigrants
Americans opposed to the war:
Most immigrants
Socialists
Pacifists

7. President Wilson led the way in keeping America Neutral
“There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight…” Woodrow Wilson 1915

8. Europe influences American Involvement
Britain
Germany
Russia

9. Britain Cuts the Transatlantic Cable from Germany to U.S.
Questionable propaganda showing Germany to be evil
Large orders for war material and took large loans from U.S. Creditors

11. Germany Unrestricted Sub warfare Sank the Lusitania
Promised Mexico American Territory in exchange for support
(Zimmerman Telegram)

13. Russia Overthrew the Czar and created a representative government
(Kerensky’s Provisional Gov’t that will be defeated by the communists in about 6 months)
War becomes democracy vs. oppression

14. Overall Reasons America Enters WWI:
Money
Propaganda
Idealism
German Diplomatic mistakes????
-Zimmerman note
-Unrestricted Sub Warfare

15. “He Kept us Out of the War”
Wilson’s 2nd inauguration March 1917
“We stand firm in armed neutrality”
“We desire neither conquest nor advantage.”
…”that it must be a peace without victory.”
Wilson’s Message to Congress asking them for a Declaration of War
“The world must be made safe for democracy.  Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty.  We have no selfish ends to serve.” 

17. 1. Enlistment

18. The Most Famous Recruitment Poster

19. Uncle Sam—He the Man!

20. Don’t Mess with the U. S.

21. “Huns Kill Women and Children!”

22. The “Little Soldier”

24. The Spirit of ’76’

26. 1917 – Selective Service Act
24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

27. Wartime
Propaganda

28. The Committee of Public Information (George Creel)
America’s “Propaganda Minister?”
Anti-Germanism.
Selling American Culture.

29. “Remember Belgium”

30. The “Mad Brute”

31. Beat Back the “Hun”

32. The “Menace of the Seas”

33. 2. Expansion of the
Federal Government

34. Council of National Defense
War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration – William McAdoo
National War Labor Board – W. H.Taft & Frank P. Walsh

35. U. S. Food Administration

37. U. S. Food Administration

38. U. S. Food Administration

39. National War Garden Commission

40. U. S. School Garden Army

41. U. S. Shipping Board

42. U. S. Fuel Administration

43. U. S. Fuel Administration

44. Results of This New Organization of the Economy?
Unemployment virtually disappeared.
Expansion of “big government.”
Excessive govt. regulations in eco.
Some gross mismanagement  overlapping jurisdictions.
Close cooperation between public and private sectors.
Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

45. Attacks on
Civil Liberties

46. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
1. Espionage Act – forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

47. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
2. Sedition Act – it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

48. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
3. Schenck v. US – in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the st Amendment BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

49. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
4. Abrams v. US – majority ruling --> cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine Holmes & Brandeis dissented: The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.

50. New
Social/Economic
Opportunities

51. 1. Women

52. YWCA – The Blue Triangle

53. Munitions Work

54. The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!

55. Women Used In Recruitment
Hello, Big Boy!

56. Even Grandma Buys Liberty Bonds

57. The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World

58. National League for Woman’s Service

59. 2. African-Americans

60. Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1
“Great Migration.” – 1919  70,000
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated units.

61. True Sons of Freedom

62. African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for France

63. “Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919

64. 3. New American
Immigrants

65. The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!

66. We are ALL Americans!